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Matt McWilliams 2022-07-26 17:09:43 -04:00
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NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md
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@ -604,3 +604,134 @@ It prescribes...
| `M = 4` | remove `ND.80` | | `M = 4` | remove `ND.80` |
| `M = 5.7` |remove `ND1.04` | | `M = 5.7` |remove `ND1.04` |
| `M = 8` |remove `ND1.31` | | `M = 8` |remove `ND1.31` |
## FADES
Pictures like things fade in many ways.
Brightness fades are gradual exposure changes leading to black, or, starting from black
leading to normal exposure.
To fade out with a positive original, exposure is decreased, either by adding ND filters to the normal pack or by closing the shutter, some more each frame.
When the ND added is somewhat darker than the black of the original, this counts as exposure cutoff.
To fade out with a negative original, with the same effect, exposure is increased, by subtracting ND filters from the normal pack, some more each frame.
When the ND subtracted is somewhat darker than the black of the original, this counts as exposure cutoff.
This fade is impossible without an abundant reserve of printer illumination.
The normal pack must contain enough ND for the removal.
An alternative is discussed below after dissolves.
A fadein is the simple reverse of a fadeout.
## LOG FADE
The traditional fade is made from a positive and is logarithmic.
With ND fliters a log fadeout is made by adding each new frame a certain amount more ND.
With reversal original, 3.00 added
about completes the fadeout.
For example, a 30 frame log fadeout is made by adding .10 of ND each frame.
For every ND value there is an equivalent shutter angle.
Chart C below shows the equivalences and is adaptable to any shutter.
A variable shutter could be callibrated in both degrees and
ND's.
But toward the bottom of Chart C the angular settings are too close for ordinary variable shutters.
Long smooth log fades from reversal original are difficult with variable shutters.
However, from interpositive original a fade is finished at about `ND1.60`, avoiding the difficulty.
## BOLEX VARIABLE SHUTTER
Although it is marked in stops, it is configured for angular callibration.
Open is 130°.
Just closed is 0°.
Midway is 65°.
Percentage of full can be substituted for degrees.
Fine callibration should not be attempted for there is play in the mechanism.
## LINEAR FADE
The linear fadeout, compared with the log fadeout of the sane length, starts slower and finishes faster.
With a variable shutter a linear fadeout from a positive original 16 made by subtracting each new frame a certain angles.
For simplicity, take a linear fadeout to be complete at O°.
For example, with a 180° shutter a 30 frame linear fade changes 6° each frame.
ND filters can be used to make a linear fade.
The fade is planned as if for a variable shutter and then ND equivalents are found in Chart C.
## OTHER FADES
Any gradual transition between full exposure and black is an exposure fade.
The "look", and perhaps the "meaning", of a fade depends on how the exposure changes with the frames.
## FADES IN ORIGINAL
A fade made from a scene looks distinctly different from one made from a film image of the scene if the scene containga bright highlights.
Made from the scene, the highlights shine on when the remainder of the scene is practically black.
Made from the film, the highlights follow the other light parts of the picture.
\newpage
### NEUTRAL DENSITY AND EQUIVALENT SHUTTER ANGLE
CHART C
| NEUTRAL DENSITY | PERCENT OF FULL SHUTTER | DEGREES FOR 170° SHUTTER | DEGREES FOR \_\_° SHUTTER |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| 0.00 | 100% | 170° | ____ |
| .05 | 89.1% | 152° | ____ |
| .10 | 79.4% | 135° | ____ |
| .15 | 70.8% | 120° | ____ |
| .20 | 63.1% | 1079 | ____ |
| .25 | 56.2% | 96° | ____ |
| .30 | 50.1¢ | 95° | ____ |
| .35 | 44.7% | 76° | ____ |
| .40 | 39.8% | 68° | ____ |
| .45 | 35.5% | 60° | ____ |
| .50 | 31.6% | 54° | ____ |
| .55 | 28.2% | 48° | ____ |
| .60 | 25, 1% | 43° | ____ |
| .65 | 22,48 | 38° | ____ |
| .70 | 20.0% | 34° | ____ |
| .75 | 17,84 | 30° | ____ |
| .80 | 15, 8% | 27° | ____ |
| .85 | 14.1% | 24° | ____ |
| .90 | 12.6% | 21,40 | ____ |
| .95 | 11.2% | 19,19 | ____ |
| 1.00 | 10.0% | 17.09 | ____ |
| 1.05 | 8.91% | 15.2° | ____ |
| 1.10 | 7.94% | 13.59 | ____ |
| 1.15 | 7.052 | 12.0° | ____ |
| 1.20 | 6.31% | 10.7 | ____ |
| 1.25 | 5.62% | 9.6° | ____ |
| 1.30 | 5.01% | 8.59 | ____ |
| 1.35 | 447% | 7-60 | ____ |
| 1.40 | 3.98% | 6.8 | ____ |
| 1.45 | 3.55% | 6.0° | ____ |
| 1.50 | 3.16% | 5.40 | ____ |
| 1.55 | 2, 52% | 4,89 | ____ |
| 1.60 | 2.51% | 4,30 | ____ |
| 1.65 | 2.24% | 3.80 | ____ |
| 1.70 | 2.00% | 3.45 | ____ |
| 1.75 | 1.78% | 3.0 | ____ |
| 1.80 | 1.58% | 2.7° | ____ |
| 1.85 | 1.41% | 2,4° | ____ |
| 1.90 | 1.26% | 2.149 | ____ |
| 1.95 | 1.12% | 1.91° | ____ |
| 2.00 | 1.00% | 70° | ____ |
| 2.05 | 891% | 1.52° | ____ |
| 2.10 | 794% | 1.35 | ____ |
| 2.15 | . 708% | 1, 20° | ____ |
| 2.20 | .6312 | 1.079 | ____ |
| 2.25 | 562% | .96° | ____ |
| 2.30 | 501% | 2 | ____ |
| 2.35 | AATE | 76 | ____ |
| 2.40 | 3985 | 68° | ____ |
| 2.45 | -355% | -60° | ____ |
| 2.50 | 3162 | «540 | ____ |
| 2.55 | . 2828 | 48° | ____ |
| 2.60 | 251% | 43° | ____ |
| 2.65 | 2248 | 38 | ____ |
| 2.70 | . 200% | 34° | ____ |
| 2.75 | .178% | 30° | ____ |
| 2.80 | 158% | . 27° | ____ |
| 2.85 | 141% | . 24° | ____ |