From 90dff1d7a42f0e9585ee3e7618d0909be73d959b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: mattmcw Date: Tue, 26 Jul 2022 13:38:38 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] Add extraction scripts and initial work on markdown --- NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md | 52 + README.md | 24 + compile.sh | 5 + extract/ocr.py | 20 + extract/pdf.py | 12 + ocr/pdf_output.txt | 1908 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ocr/tesseract_output.txt | 1690 ++++++++++++++++++++++ style.css | 8 + 8 files changed, 3719 insertions(+) create mode 100644 NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md create mode 100644 README.md create mode 100644 compile.sh create mode 100644 extract/ocr.py create mode 100644 extract/pdf.py create mode 100755 ocr/pdf_output.txt create mode 100755 ocr/tesseract_output.txt create mode 100644 style.css diff --git a/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md b/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b61fb30 --- /dev/null +++ b/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +--- +title: NOTES ON OPTICAL PRINTER TECHNIQUE +author: Dennis Couzin +date: "March 1983" +... +\pagenumbering{gobble} +\newpage +\pagenumbering{arabic} +::: {.indexTable} + +| | | | | +|-----|-----|-----|-----| +| Magnification | 1 | Fades in Original | 14 | +| Blowup & Reduction | 2 | Chart C: Neutral Density | | +| Blowup Sharpness | 2 | and Equivalent Shutter | | +| Printer Lenses | 3 | Angle | 15 | +| Optical Zoom | 3 | Image Superposition | 16 | +| Lens Aperture | 3 | Gamma & Bipack | 16 | +| Focusing | 4 | Incidentally | 16 | +| Focusing Aperture | 4 | Exposure Compensation | 18 | +| Focusing Precision | 4 | Special Originals | 18 | +| Focusing Target | 4 | Texturing | 18 | +| Depth of Field | 4 | Multi-Exposure | 19 | +| Bolex Prism | 4 | Multi-Pack | 19 | +| Bolex Groundglass | 4 | Natural Superposition | 19 | +| Defocus | 4 | Flashing | 19 | +| X-Y Adjustment | 4 | Contrast Adjustment | 19 | +| Exact 1:1 | 5 | Color Image Superposition | 20 | +| Aimframe | 5 | Weighted Double Exposures | 20 | +| Framelines | 6 | Dissolves | 21 | +| Emulsion Position | 7 | Effects Dissolves | 21 | +| Time | 8 | Fades from Negative | 21 | +| Fancy Freeze | 8 | Color Exposure | 22 | +| Fancy Slow | 8 | Testing | 22 | +| Diffusers | 8 | CC Pack Reduction | 25 | +| UV Filter | 9 | High Contrast Prints | 25 | +| IR Filter | 9 | Hicon Exposure | 26 | +| Green Filter | 3 | Contrast Building Steps | 26 | +| Filter Location | 9 | Hicon Speckle | 26 | +| Exposure | 9 | Tone Isolation | 27 | +| Exposure Adjusters | 9 | Logic of Mask Combination | 27 | +| Specifying Exposure | 11 | Image Spread and Bloom | 27 | +| Film Speed | 11 | Mask and Countermask | 28 | +| Right Exposure | 11 | Reversal/Negative Fitting | 28 | +| Generations | 12 | Feathered Maska | 29 | +| Bellows Formula | 13 | Image Marriage | 29 | +| Fades | 13 | Mask Blackness | 30 | +| Log Fade | 14 | Hicona from Color Originals| 30 | +| Bolex Variable Shutter | 14 | Hicon Processing | 30 | +| Linear Fade | 14 | Optical Printed Release Prints | 31 | +| Other Fades | 14 | Ritual and Art | 31 | +::: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1af63db --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +# NOTES ON OPTICAL PRINTER TECHNIQUE + +Reproduction on the guide written by Dennis Couzin. + +### PDF Dependencies + +* pandoc + +```bash +bash compile.sh +``` + +### Text extraction dependencies + +* Python3.7 +* OpenCV 2 +* Tesseract +* PIL + +```bash +cd extract +python3 pdf.py > ../ocr/pdf_output.txt +python3 ocr.py > ../ocr/tesseract_output.txt +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/compile.sh b/compile.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab43ce8 --- /dev/null +++ b/compile.sh @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +mkdir -p pdf + +pandoc --css=noopt.css -o pdf/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.pdf NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.md \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/extract/ocr.py b/extract/ocr.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b762c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/extract/ocr.py @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +#pip install pytesseract PyMuPDF Pillow opencv-python + +import fitz +import io +from PIL import Image +import pytesseract +import cv2 + +pytesseract.pytesseract.tesseract_cmd = '/usr/bin/tesseract' +file = "../original/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.pdf" + +pdf_file = fitz.open(file) + +for page in pdf_file: + pix = page.get_pixmap(dpi=300) + filePath = "pages/page-%i.png" % page.number + pix.save(filePath) + image = cv2.imread(filePath) + text = pytesseract.image_to_string(image, lang='eng', config='--psm 6 --oem 3') + print(text) diff --git a/extract/pdf.py b/extract/pdf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75bb23d --- /dev/null +++ b/extract/pdf.py @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#pip install pytesseract PyMuPDF + +import fitz +import io + +file = "../original/NOTES_ON_OPTICAL_PRINTER_TECHNIQUE.pdf" + +pdf_file = fitz.open(file) + +for page in pdf_file: + text = page.get_text().encode("utf8") + print(text.decode("unicode_escape")) diff --git a/ocr/pdf_output.txt b/ocr/pdf_output.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..07b1e70 --- /dev/null +++ b/ocr/pdf_output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1908 @@ +NOTES ON OPTICAL PRIN1ER TECHNII:IUE +MaRnl flc4tlou +B]6rup. & Rod uo tloD +Blouup gharPlcs 6 +Prl!ter LgDscE +Optlcel Zooo +LoDe Apc rtur€ +Focusln6 +Focu€lug Apcrturc +Focuslq8 Prgc l8lou +Focu61n6 Ta rg€t +D€pth ol Flcld +B616x Prl sE +Bol.x GroundSLas 6 +D€fg cu! +x-Y Ad JuEtEeDt +ExAct I :1 +t 10 frEEc +F raac I1n6I +buIBloD Po E 1t10! +Tlue +Fancy Fr€6zc +FaEcy g lot{ +Dl ffqs c 16 +LJV F llter +IR F lltor +Orec! 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Ideslly 1t 18 8pcc1e1ly coproctcd for +the Boa1l end lear1y oqual 812e6 of th18 obJect aud loage. +Tbe caEere aDd thc lols ca! Ellde lDdepeEdeDtly to End f!'o +tb€ flln BEte. thle adjuEts tb€ EagnlflcBtlon aDd th€ focu! of +tbo pbot ography. +II{AONIFICATION If th€ lene 16 (loElnatlt) Eldray b€tH€oa tb. fllEs +rhe! oD€ la fgculad on tb. otblr, thca tbr Ea8ulflcatloD +1s l. +At lLl (ateo caLl.d l:t) thr rbolt ol tbc orlglDal +frale 1s pbotoS!'aphod at a 612. lrblch t111! tbG rholc +of th€ p.lDt fr€Ec. +x=l +Il tba +cltl! 0 ra +to k€€p +lcnB 1! Eoved +Eurt ba Eovad +tbe oDc llLB +clo ser tg tbe +back, ?antb€r +focu6ed oD the +g4te, tbcD th. +ftlE th6 Satc' +othcr, Tb.! thc +Copyrlght @tgg: uy Dennle couzlD + +2 +larulflcatlou 1! 8!:att,ar tbaD l. +orirfnaf triEo ll PbologrrPb.d lt +vbofq ol th. prlDt trur. +It +>l a part ol tb. +a !1zr tblcb flll. +thr +H=5 +Et/r +BLOIIJP & RIDUCIIOI +Il, ltartllg troB th. l;t ! +tertblr tIlE th. 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Thl! dt3rlag lE lat€r u8c/d to slE +th€ csDera (vhoso alEfrEls lt ra!) rhcn pholographlng the +rotoEcopod d rsrln8!. + +6 +Tbe l:l accurBct ot opilcal prlutlDg rltb tl[treEe retups 1r +iiiriii +ui-a: tie preilrtou tD tbs Daklus aDd t'beD lD tbr u!6 +of tho alDfrs €' +2' tbe preclrlou lD !b6 lllE rgglBtratlgD E6cbaEt'aEE +ot cBEcra ald gstc ' +:. oD1i ff tb€ tY6 qecbaDlsEE aI.€ dlttat'ontr tb! +pi-"iliioo iD the fllE dtEoDElons ( prrtoratloD +rnd sllttlDg) ' +Prlnt'ors ' +up. +th€ aaEetr4l!e Esthod does Pot eoqpoDeate lor pt'oc6eBlDg shrlDLaS€' +FR$ItrLIXE8 It lha cqE'ra r'blob Ee'l€ +Eucb blgbor or I'or€r tbB +tbc v€rilcal ad Ju6tEeDt +alEfraEo s€tuP' to co@Pc +ellt havc a YlrY tblck' +rrara6!d ' +tb. fraD€:'1Dcr ot tbs or18lDa1 oan.eltavs bo 't!'sllat'd +GroEtbco"i;;l;]Iit,iiit'uine6otlloailou6llgbtlyEt|latcr +tha! l'' + +7 +EfULgION PoEIIION +A prlorl, r +ll8bt rry8. +X_otlca +oD tbc +Iotlcr +toclDg +rl Bbt +lFl +H +H +H +ll1D ol aD rlphsbct couLd ba aly oa thcla +fVe +D posMoD! arc ll.tohad tgflD' +trclEg tn rborD dott.d. +coITlCl PRIrI FRo}{ +ctt{Ifi,l oRrorrAl +o- +G +o- +F +rtb +lacb lk€tch shorE aDulElop tac1!8 out. FoF doublo +Dcrt flh tbara are oDlt four lay!. th. a rDd b rat! +bgcone tbc teE e. +CaEora orlgluet 1! IIIq. +A coDtact prbt fr€E ca.Eora oplglD4l 1! Ib. +I coutact DrlDt tFoE a coEt8ct Prtlt froE oalot.a +orlgLual l! IIIa a6e1!. Etc. +Itl tba otbcrs aFc !hae! -- .lth.F optlc!,l ptlutlug +crFon! or eI!c tllD! ol alphabat! loElbor Davarard. +ClvaD a doublc p.rforaicd I' lI' III' or Mt +1s ailt +to Eake a doubl. pcrforatad opt,losl prlDt rblob ls +ary of th6 tour. +olagla poffatratlil t1I!8 rrc a DrlD ln t'ha !ldc. +OIYQD, +for crarpl., IlIa, 1t le polllblc rllb a ulud optlca,l +prlutcr to !aI! .lthct lb. lI!' lIIr' +oF IVr, but DoEc +of tbo otbar four, tbala could br lrdG vlr a doubl! +prrforatcd lltt.Iradlata' +Ilt'b a pPld or othrP 1!!€. +rotetop, or r .pcolal rovoFlcd 8rta, lt 1! posllblc +to convort 8uy ot tlc al8bt rats to rly of tbc algbt layg +ttgurllg out hor to alo tba.a 1! a Sood cr.rclse for +tb. ltualsDt. +Th. t +tb1. +l"r- +lEl- +lP- +that rban Dt3trp.8 irtsal ttglti +!1n81'a Parf! .la +loft, aDd lbrfotr: -11 rbot.. +thrt c4!€!:. orlRlDd !ard. t{aht rlth 4lrllloD +lr.v. +CoDtrot FrlDt, of oaEtra orl8lDrl r.aq' +rlth- rlullloD fr-clDE toretrit gha vlar.r. +Ifr +l +"l_ +tvb + +r IXE +FANC T +F,U|C r +DIIFUSIRA +I +tsc.pt yh.! optlcal pDlltlD8 1! do!. lD alllrlca vlth +ooDtact pnLDtlDS, lt ls ulurl, to lrlDtat! a!u:,!loD +porltloD !b raugb slI optloal prllt,tD8 !t!ps. Et3ltbr +rltb calcra orlglarl .rob Bon.ratlon 1! agalu IIIa. - +lor tbl! tb.ra 18 e llrplr rulc. +To trprcduca tba aEulEloD po.ltlo! ot th. or16turl, +lDsrrt lt ln tba prlDt.r 6rtr rlth aaulrlou rrrt +l!.o! lrEr, brad! up, ruDDlDB uprtr{. +Optlcrl prutlDg ilbreugh thr br!!r tlor! Dot d.gradr +L!a6€ qusl lty. +tb. optlcrl prlEtcr cr! rl,!o Islt.t. tbr coDtsot p!:lui!!, +lf th! orlglu.I 1! lD6cnt.d lu tba prlDtar gst. rlth +aEulaloq touar{ tha 1rE!. +Thc optlce] prlDtar Blvas 4s absolutc ooDtFol oylr lbe (Ior or fr,t! +ot tlDa e! th. godB could hEvc. But lt,rr Jurt a royla. +loturlly, tro lhlt.ttoD! +o! optlc4l prlD!.r'thr +rsElpulatlon rrc +thq BrelDy 6r.ouad ot lllr plcturas aDd tbc Eepr 24 trsEr! plr saeord, +sr aboE by tbrsa tro alaDplas. +FRI.EE A sln8l. !ra! r ol tha orl8lDrl Drlnt.d repcatadlt 18 a +trlozc fr8!c, +UDfoptunatalJr tba ruaDlDg gralu pattalD +of thc o!.lglnal fn9cz.! rltb tha plcturc. tba plctulr +hBs 1o6t 1ts B!.ound. fbls caD bo avoldcd ll tblre er€ +ot lrelt thrc6 frad!! rlthout rotloD lD tbc ollgtnal, bt +allarlat.l,y prlutlDg eEoDg tho thnra. +SLOV to lloy EotloE to 1/1 gpced (aa 1r rcqulrcd rbaD 01161!.1 +rhot rt lE3ps 1. to br lrdo lDto r 24!pa pFlDt) 1t 1! uruel +to prlDt cv.ry thltd fraE. tr1cc. IECDEICHI... bccolr! +^3CCDBFoHII.... . Tha lloro-friaz.r, +JuEt iro tpr!.s loDg, +coElB6 re.rt 1/6 tccoad, lre pcrc€lvld tbrc ugb tbclr !htti!. +Tbls oaD be eyoldcd by readorlzlD8 thr fp8!a! to b6 doubl.d +rhllc stlll +oboollD8 oua fr.!! trrE .ach tbrra ot the orlBlDal. +For poorlJr alarlg!.d coadcllcr !y!t.!! r allffurlr rlll +cvaD +tbo lllullurtloa ov.r tba fr.!c. +Othcr lhrD fo!. tbl!, dlffuE.p! aFc looatrtl llBctllrt.lt +bcblDd tb. orlgllcl llh to rltar Llrga qurlltt lD rorarrl +tetl: +l. ri.lducc thc lpporra,Dc. ot lorstobcr oa thc tlh +baaa; +2. .oftlD tbr app.anDo! ol 6,!e18, rDd rlthout r.duobg +ralolutlon prF aa, rlducc abrlTBa!!; +). !.ctluoa tba appar.nt @Dtr3!t of &lf orlBlnaLs, +.pDroxhatlng thc toDrlltt lD coDtrot Drlltl!6. +Opal glaa!, l lora .rtreno dlffulrr lbaE 8roled8lllr' 1! +Eor. attact,lv. ln aacb of tb. thrca rrt!. +ln opel gtrlr or! r.auo. crpoluF! by 4 or .vc! lora rtoD!. +lD rccldaDtrl, or for.iottcD opal glrls can davaalrt! l! oxpotuFal + +t'll 'ILTB +IR FILTB +.l fllt.r +Hblcb rbsorb! tbc ultravlollt, +auoh l! UraltsD 28 +oF 2E LEprovc6 sbrt?Dcas rltb flEort q1l lc!!.s, +ll!o, prlDtlEg ooloP llln onto color tlIE, or B&l lllD oDlo +color lllE, tbrra 1! color r.aproductloa ady.utagr to ullDg +r W f1lt'c r. +goE. color rarstoot! hay! luch llltratloD butlt lD, loEr doDrt. +Evsn prlEtln8 color fllE oDto B&X flb tb€rc ls tolal etlvantrg. +tourlngrIIvfllt6r. +I tllt.r +r.bloh ablorb! (or rrtlcct!) tba lafran.d lrlps Euch +of tbc lltbt cD.ngy rblch rould bcat tb. orlBlDrl but Eot +coDtrlbutc to tbr photogrepby' olf th. orlgluil. +fbl. llltrr +nutt b. locrtcd b.trc.! thc lup rDd th! orlSlDel. +PrlatlDB fodachroEe orlglaal oDto color llLE' th.rc 1! ool'on +r.produEtloD eilvut4Ec io uolng r lllicr +rblch rttlcctE tbc +tsr nod (pa!t 6?Ou!) and D.ar lntrar'atl. PrlDtlDg othar oolor: +orlglnil! tbcr'6 18 color r.DroiluctloD d1ladvaDtrg. to usln8 +e tIltcr (!uoh.s BrDy bcit flltlrE) +rhlcb r.lota tbc tar rrd. +ORIEN rlt,tm. +PrlltlE8 B&Y to B&t rltb r uo!-rpo cht'olatlc lctt!' I Srccn +flttor +c6'D tlprovr shar?uo8s. +FMIR LOCITION fbc cpcctrel attcct of a tlltcr o! lbr pboto8rlphy l! +tba.aEo r.hcrovcr lt 1! loortcd bctr.cn tb. lup tDd +tbc ratltocl. +Tbo optlceL atteot ot 4 llltcr c8D't ba +6ood' !o lt ou8bt to bc locatcd oD t}a l1lullEatton lltla +6f thc orlaturl rathor tbaD oD tha lDa8c-foroatloE sld.. +(tbara, flauE LD fllter! +8ro hat!l'!!!. +I color fllt.r +rry cv€u b! pcrloretcd to roducc lts atfcctlvr raturatloD. ) +t[POgltRE ID oDtlcal prlntlng r! lD orlglDql photography' tb. crpoaun. 18 +sdjultabl.,- a'ud e ueccerary coDsliloratloD. B'l t thcr. 18 s +dlltf.r.Doa. tb! Erturial ac +renBr' tttE the brlSbtolt +ttflact'tour ) to th. d$Ia8 +ls lblt.d +lD brlgbtuosE +rad tb. lerllu! daurltt ol +tl stoP reEgr for -lc colo!' raYlnlr1 flh!' +but 9E1t rbout - +6 !top! for a lagstlYa orlBlarl. +tbr orpolure Drobf.[ 1u orlSl.ull pbotogFrlhy 1! to d'cltlc rtrt +portloi of tba lllanlc brlShtna8. ralgc to orptur' oD tha l1l!' +ibc crpoaurc pt'oblcn 1q opt,loel- D$utlug- 1! to dccld' hor to +crpturi on tba prlDt fllE tb! rbolc of tb! oF16lDal 1!i6t rrD6'' +IXPOBITRI +^DJUSTES +SHUITB SPID I Yarlrblc .ttcod !oto!' or 8lrrln8 orD +Elyc r ?.y !top! of adjuttltut. +EFvlty 1. ll.rltod bt +luartle. +A llngla-fraEa lccballlE clDuot ba rrpcctad to +coDDl.tr r cyclc lD l.!! +tha.u about .! lccoDd. glor +rulDln8 1! t&ILEltld, but cEullloD! Ellrtlpold to vart +- +loDB .rposura!, 1o!1!g ap..d rDd EalulDg ooDtnrlt. + +lo +Iltb th. ysrleblc Ehutter thc ahuttcr !P!ad (tho tLE! +tb. llght ltrtkc! r polDt lB the fralc) Day b. rdJultcd +elthougb tbo prbtcr caE€la ruDo 4t, JuEt oD€ sprcd. +Epo8uie caD bc adjulted oYaP lsveF4l .tops vlth tb. +vailable ahuttor. Brerltt 16 llDltld bt the shuttcr +E€cbaD1c6 r|hlch DuEt 81ve lqusl rvcD orlto.ur.B at tbc +sE41l€st lhutt.r aD81€ s. +To cut erDosur.g by I stop u8lEg tbo varlabl9 Ehuttar' +hElvo the' Ebutt€r- aDB1e. T! cut aDother ltop' halve +1t agaln. +Uslr1a th€ vsrlable sbutt6r for gtposulc adJuaiEelt !Eka8 +italeJ for tados or dls6olres lDcoDvclleDt. +LENS APERTURE Th18 1e a 8111t rey to adjust 6rpoBuF'' +cbanEhR IaDE spsrturo cbaDS€8 plctuP€ qharpEes!. +Erceit ior llDe-crpoeun€ adJultDeDts (tt stop) tbe +l€o8'18 b€st l€tt at ltE sharpeBt opeDllg' +(Fgr exposure teBtlDS aDd otbrr dlrty lork' lcDg +ip.rturi 1s a baDdy -xpoeurc adJu6t€r.) +LAXP VOLTACE lh16 le tb€ cla6slcaf ray to adJuat +iioorur" tor B&U prlDt1D8. But lt lDtroducss color +cbancee. A160. Eod€rD bafoScu laEps lo.€ 1lfo 4t +pnolSoeed lol volte8€8. Volta8€ adjurtDeDt 18 a +iractl6al Eean€ for llne rxposure adJustEent. +DrcDDlER thc voltaBs lOl reducc6 th€ ltght sbout l +itoi'rlltc +cbanglog th. color sbout cco5Y+cco2H. +PoLIRIZERS lro polarlzers' one rotatablc' 18 a cutc +r.ay to ad-lu6t cxpoeure. But EbG€t polerlzrre 8ct +loi aud bive sboit llvc6 lD tbc optlcal prlEter. +oDlv ylpv rx99!slv! oDc! can EalltalD color aeutrElltt +oili. e t6 etdp adJuatoent t'aDgc' aDd lt 1' aad to +lry thee. +ND FILTBS tb€sc 6rcy flltcrs irt thc p!'f6rrcd +vsy to edJult txpo 6una. +.rO ol Ncutral D€Dllty oquelE oDe 6top' +Naut!'a1 DoDsltt "aluos add e6 ftltcrs Br€ 6tsck'd' +ii"i-i" +tlp.io ilttcr * aD ND.20 llltcr + aD [D''0 +iiii.. +,o.t" lltc aD ND.60 flltcr' +aatl th16 cutB +tbc llght ? Etopr. ftc. +.lo ot trcuit'sl llcDllty cqurl8 l/t t|"og' +I clcar Elar! o!: tlh Eay bc u!6d as aD ND'0t5 ll1tcr +tor tllrr +arpoBuF! ed JultEcutl ' +LoD6, St3tlcat ND flltqr! allor contlDuou! axposun' +ad J ustnaDt. + +ND fllt€r8 of htghor valur bocoEe hot,tar aEd bavc +lborter llvca. ID e pacl ol ND llltcr8, lor€F vs,lu6! +6hou1d Eo torad tbc taEp. PaEt ,60 lt Drtc8 llttlc +d 1ff€rcDcc. +YrattcD #96 BelatlD ND llltcrs arc €rpen!lvo bocaus6 +ot tbelr optlcal quallty' uaDccallsry rbtr! tbey erc +locatcd lu th€ optloil PrlEt.r. +L6G tbeatrlcal trllal". ll2o9 ' #zto' rDd #2tt a!! Sood +lor ND.ro, ND.60, aDd ND'90 aDd coBt l,/tOo as lucb a! +frattc! E. +There Brr 8IEBB ND'6. botb ab6orptlvc +of 8r!st pamaD€Dc€. 1160, drv.lopld +halitous 6crc€Da. atc. ca! bc u6€d B8 +8PE! IFYINO EICPOSURE lbe taly varlabl.E o! €xpolurr lDcludci +FIIJ,( 9PIID +aDd +B&ti +ND +r€flcctlve, +f11E s, flD6 +fl1te re . +l. the typ€ of orl8lEal tllE aDd lt! plctorlrl quelltlc +z. tne tfte ol prl;t fl1r (rDd 1f a leb ltoct lt! +batcb DuEbrr) +,. la8tlltloatlon +4. lcu. cpoPturo +5, dtllluEar (lt arY) +5. larp voltago +7. lbuttcr auE]o +8. uoD-nD flltratloD +aE v.Il a! 9. xD allirr8 +l8l slal !..14t"d veluca rnc sprclrlltcd to or181D41-plcturr +titfoi."a +tra Dot qultc apPFoprllt! to optlcal prlEttr +"""iitairorg. +tts ialuca rr. btotlatlvc lor c€Eparllon +i'i'iGiiii- ist cii. ror !a!v pllDtlug turs lsA rud rclst''l +Yaluss ar€ ulalatlDsbla. +fbc optloel PPlDtcr r11l hava arpolur-c ltaDdard!-uDt'o ltltlt' +ieiciiiucc bi taltlag. olcr lt 1! kDorD bor to b'!t crpolc +;-;;;t G ori6inar oito r ccrt tD prrlt !lrr' 8909 "tirat'! +l.i-u" ".a. 16r r1lllrr ortglE l! or rlDlfar prlEt llh!' +RIcHTE)(Pogt,REtorkllElnrgvor€althcrat!etcEptetloDtoIaDtthe +opiicel prfnt to ostcb th€ orl81Dal'. R681!t th16 +iitptatfi'af +tou vEnt tb€ optl'aL prlut tbat produco6 +the b€Et rcl'aEe P rlnt ' +(Ev€n lf tbs optlcal prlnt Eust b€-lntercut rltb th6 +i-rrgrnet, -iio i["i th6 tvo Eust produc€ Datchlng tr]'6Eee +prlnt, 1t, 6J""";i ioifot thEt tile tro Eu6t Eatcb' snd +Lbey 6houldD't. ) +Stdrtlng tt'oE rever +- +optlcat Prlnt 13 t'Y +- +than th6 or181Da1' +' +Thd b€st rever6al o +And so on' + +12 +Startlng fI.o& ne8et1v6 caEera +prlnt has sooe d€nslty ln the +lntem€gatlve 1E a little +dar +.A lurther lnterpo 61tlve rould +OE{ER4TIONS +OaEoas oultlply. +For exaEple, a EaEla +onlo gaErla 2 stock r€eeDbLeE a gE;Ea , +1.5 ort8lnaL Drlnt€d +o rlElnal . +pttcel prlntlng a cher.n of +nglng plcture contrest, +leverael atock6. 7241 ls d +PXX end 7151 6re SaEEe I B&H +Ea I B&W ne8atlve stock. +For B&W negatlve there. 1s the optlon of altematlng BaEre6 +above end betoF 1 -- ?t6d ylrh i.nri i.l-a,ia'i5ji"irtr, +g.r"" +.7 -- and Eultlpty out to t. +- +I'her€ at'e Eo avallabl€ r€v€!.aal ltocks rlth garEa less tbaD l. +FoP col.or r€verlal ECO, uDtll +favorlt€ gaEEa I caler; 6tock +cl4s!1cal prlttln8 scb€ec. XC +pos6lbly b€ttor !cbaEo. tror o +be oD h16her' BsrDa stoct, +Ng +thrt ady4ntagc. Hlgh.r ga!D8 +18 a prlltlDg lchrEo. For tbl +oa 7199. Orl8lDal f,odacbraD€ +7199 stock El8b€heve6 rlth ex!,oauF ttles long.r tbau about +.l g€coDd. +For B&ti rev€raaL pXR--pXR_ _pXR__etc. 1e the clesBlcal p.tDtlDg +acheoe. py,R--7161__7161_ _€ rc. 1_6 " "irrii",'-"iiiiiii u.tt". +sch6Ee. For e4cb, unloss al, opsr dlii;;;;'i"-;;B;"t;" +effccttv€ +BaEea ls Duch greateF tben l. +- +24]--ctc. 1E tbe classtcal +ThG shortcut ach6Ee fop color ne8ettve ECN__CRI__CRI__e !c. +coEprl ses oDly ploturc Ds8stl"e6; +For El&l Dcgatlve tbere ls a, lbortcut !ch.Ec Bt __Z16t__?r6t__Gtc +Tonal d6gradatlon roEetlDgs coDfu6gd rlth coDtre6t lncreas! +Eey bo duc to DIB€xpo6ure, or to lEpo881b1e lxposure (ar rhcD +tFe prlnt.tllE lacks-tbe orposu!'e ran8e to hindlo the dsDeltt +raDge of ths orl61Ds,1). Tbon plcture la1l6 oD too or 6bould;r +and 1s tlnally coEpre!Bad. + +tt +Thr.ough-gener8tloDs gralnlness eeul-addE. Thc graln of the +orl8lDa1 ls ln pant add€d to th€ Braln of ths pr,lDt etock. +The prlnt oey thus look l€8s eralny tban the oilglDal, or +EoFe Eralny, gr JuEt dlllorently gralrry. +Through generatlons sharpn€EB dlE1n1sbee. The unEharpn€ss ol +thr or161na1 JolDs tb€ unsharpn€sa of thc 1eE6 and th; unsharp- +tre8s ol the p.lDt stock, 1E th6 prlDt. ShaFpn€ss oay b€ +booEt€d, borever, by boostlng contrast. +Optlcsl prlntllg rlth ttte best 16n8€s onto r€latly€ly thtck +€EuLsloD prlnt f1lEE aey be 6harper tha,D contact prlnt1ng. +OeDeralLy optlcal prlntlng lsn't a€ 6harp. +Plcturo degradatlon lroE 6eDeratloD to geDeratlgn could be +arolded by EBklnB tho plcturce v€ry 1en3e, or by d18lta11z1Dg +the!. But 1n thle oedlnE th6 orlglnsl, lntcruedlatc, aDd +flDa1 plctures are all of thg Eeoe Blze, EBde 1D B1E1la,r rays, +of e1E11er Eatcrlals. Be6ldeB the practlcal ccgDoEy, th€re +1s conceptual cconoEy 1n th16. Intultlons tranEfer €aslly +froo on€ forEally ElElLar plcture phaEe to enoth€r. Thue +oaklng the 6€neratlgn6 the s4Ee Ea,keE tbe! dllt€rent. Tbls +LB the parsdox, or th€ folly, ol optlcal prlntlD8. +D(poru.e Day cbrng. rlib EagtliflcdtloD. .l .bellor! +fomulrn rorls tgr lort prlDtor Lansor t,nd Eott tliuElDe.itot +rjrstrD !. It prgscrlb€8... +BE,.I,OTS TOR{ULI +EagD l tl catloD +u=.1t +tL.r8 +8.25 +k,t5 +b.x +u=,71 +EI +tLt.4 +k2 +t&2.8 +lL4 +x:5,T +x=8 +cottpaDsatloD +cdd nD,50 +add ND.46 +tdil HI).4r +add llD. ]f +rdd tlD.25 +ldd trD. 14 +DOrlAI +ralovo xD. l5 +lsnorq xD. )5 +tlEovc lID.56 +roov. XD.8O +P.6ov. NDI .04 +raEov. lqDI .rl +Blat "1 .fiipcr f, e tO +Plctur!! lltc tblng! tail. ln EaDt rat!. +BrlgbtD.lr !rd.! r!:. +Brrdual arpoluFe chrDga! lcadlng to black, oi, starllDg fr"oE bl.ct +lretllEg-lo nomal rrpo aurc. +to f.da ou! rl'tb r poaltlv. orl61Er1. arDoluFr 1! d.cF.al'd' 'lth'r +hv ritatlDr !D ftlt.ri +to tho uorirl Drct aF blr olorlDg th. !buti'F' +i6rJ ioi llch rnuc. rh.n tb. rD adar.it l! aolrYbrt atlFEcr thr! +tui ufiof ol th. orlglDrl' tht! couDt. lr .rpolutt outoff' +F.lDTII + +LOO FADE +LINIAR FADE +orBE rlDrS +14 +fo f4d. out rltb a nagrtlva orl8lDql' rltb thr laDc cff.ct, +.rposurc 1. lDcrae!€d, by lubtrectl!8 XD flltars frgE tbr Dot!61 +pack, !o!. Eorg lrch frala. IhrD tha llD 6ubtnsotgd ls .oocvbAt +darler tbaD ihc blrck of thr ot'191!41' thl! couDt. as axpolur. +cutotf. tbla frdo 1! lEposslblr Ylthout an sbund.nt r€!!rv€ o? +pnlat.r lllu[lnattoE. +fb. Dorrsl p4ct oust ooDtah anougb f,D tor +tba rrlova]. lu altcrnatlvc la dlrou6scd b.Ioy sftar dl!.ol,v6!. +I f.dclD ls thc allpL! F.vorsc ol a fad.out. +Tbr tradltloDrl fadc l! Eadr tFoE ! polltlyo aad 1! logarlthllo. +Iltb ND llltcrs. +log frdrout ls Ead. by rddlEg cacb rrl trEEc +s, c.rtalD llouDt lore ND, Xltb t.oyerlal orlBlDal, t,Oo sdd.d +a,bout coEpl,otcs tbe tedcout. For crllplr' a JO fraE. log +fadeout ls E6d! by addlng ..10 ol XD .ecb fraE!. +For qyGry llD vrl,uc tb.cr! 1. .n oqulvalcut lbutigr augle. Cbart +C b€lor lhor8 thc aqulyal.nca8 ald 1! ritrptabl6 to aqt rbuttcr' +A yarlBbl! lbuttor could bc celllbratrd ln botb dagr.c! rDd +NDr!. But tovard tbc bottoE ot Chsrt C thc lEBu]lr .attl!€l +ert too cloEe for ordlDatT Yarlablr lhutiar!. +Lo!8 @ooth +lo8 tad€s froE r.vcr:lsl orlll'Dal aF dlltlcult rltb Yarlabl.c +sbutt,€ra. Hor€var, troE lDtcrpo6ltlve o!181Dal a fad. 16 +flDlsb.d st about l{Dl .5o, qvol'dl!8 tbr dlffloulty. +BOLE( VIRIABII SHUTTER lltbougb lt 1! EarE.d lD !top8, lt ls gonfl8uttd +for aERulEr calllbretloD. OpqD 1! lrO"' Just +croria-rs oo. xtar"y la 55o. Pcrccotegc o! +full ceD bc subltltutctl tor d.8FraE. FlDe +calllbrEtlon lhould uot bc rttcEpt.d for thcro +18 PlaY lD tbc Eacbanlgo. +Th! ltncar fedaout, coDpaned rltb tb. LoB ladrout ot iba +laEs 1su6tb, !tsr:t! dorar eDd tlB1!h.s ls!t!r. +tlth s varlabl. thuttar a llDoar fadlrout tt![ . polltlvo +orlglDal 18 Eedc by Eubtrectla8 racb Drr frrlo a cartrlD +aDRlt. Fon llEpllcltt, +tskc a llD€ar tadcout to ba oorpllt. +at-Oe. For cre,lplc, rlib a l8O' lbutt.r c JO treoa llnrar +taal c chaD8r! 5v aob freue. +ID llltarg caD br ut.d to lalc a l'lDcer tadc' lbc fad. +lt plranrd as 1l for I Yrrl!,blc lhuttcr aDd tbc! XD +.qulvrlcDt! art fouDd lD Chsrt C. +tDv rltdurl irrDllttoD brtr€au full crDgluFa aEd black +1r-ri oxDorum fsde. Tbc nloof", and ptttap! t'b! 'lcralngnr +of r frd- itcDlEd! oa bor tbc arDoaur. cbaaSa! rlth tht lrr|.!. +flDIS III ORIOINAL I fetl. E.d. fro! a !c.ar I'ool! dlEtlactly dltf'rrDt +froE oDa nada froq a llh +lEagc ot thc !c'Do ll tba +lo.E. coDtalDa brlBbt h18h11gbts. Iadr fro! tho !ccD'' +tb. h1Eb118bt! cblnc ol ibru thc FErludcr ot tbc !c'na +- +1! pre6ttcltry blrcl. +l{ail c ft'oD th. flh' +thc b18h1l8ht! +lo.liov th! otf,cr t18ht part'r ot tbc Plcturt' + +l) +-,i:ti c +NEU-TR;L DD{SITY AND EIUIVALEIT SIiUTTR ANGLE +NEUTR-A L +DE{S I TY +o. 00 +.05 +. to +.15 +.2C +.10 +.45 +.50 +.60 +. o5 +.70 +.90 +t.00 +I .05 +l.l0 +1.t5 +1 .25 +1 .1o +1 .15 +.40 +.45 +.50 +.55 +.60 +PECE.IT +OF FULL +SHUTTB, +DE}REES +FOR t 7Oo +SHU TTER +DEOREES +FOR +O +SHU TT ER +1 .65 +1-7o +1.75 +I ool +89 .11 +79.4/ +70 .8fr +61.1/ +56 .24 +50 .|f, +44.?f, +te.8/ +55.5f, +6.51 .4 +5.62fr +5.o1fr +4.47fl +J.98ft +,58i4 +.41f, +.26fr +.121 +.ooft +,89'tf, +.794* +.?01fl +.1781 +.158/ +.141 .4, +?oo +520 +,50 +o70 +960 +ii. +680 +6oo +540 +4eo +lro +i6o +t49 +10" +24o +21 .40 +t9.to +1? no +15.2o +13.50 +t2.oo +to.7o +i' io +6.8" +6. oo +5.40 +4.80 +4.50 +1.80 +i'.32 +2, 40 +2,144 +.cto +;^o +.520 +.tsl +.20v +.960 +aEO +.7 6" +.6g0 +.600 +.540 +.18o +. Lto +. tgo +,f40 +.loo +.2P +.2tP +1 .80 +1.85 +1 .90 +1.95 +2,00 +2.O5 +2. r0 +2. 15 +2.20 +2.25 +2.to +2.40 +2.45 +2.50 +2.60 +?.65 +2.80 +2.85 + +Squlvalcnt Shutter Ogenlnes +I of FUII Shuttcr +1oo +89.1 +79 .4 +70.a +13 .1 +56.2 +50.1 +39.8 +35.5 +22.4 +20 +15.8 +14.1 +L2.6 +11.2 +10 +4.91 +7.91 +7.O8 +6,31 +4.62 +5. O1 +3.16 +18oo +180 +1AO +743 +r27 +LI4 +101 +90 +ao +72 +a7 +51 +ao +36 +32 +29 +25 +23 +20.2 +18 +14.2 +t2.7 +lt.4 +r0.1 +I +B +7.2 +6.4 +1300 +130 +115 +143 +92 +a2 +73 +65 +52 +33 +29 +26 +23 +n +18 +16 +15 +13 +L2 +10 +l +..R.icr to :trs c.art .rhcn .Lannine tln.ar i-a d.3 3n.l .ttssolrc!.+ +12ffl. r +\ \P +.1o.. . + .rr +. .2o., (4 stops ) +.35 +''!1.40 +- ,os. +1.50 (5 stoDs) ++N.D. +.oo +-05 +.10 +-.3O (1 stop ) +r.40' +s .50. . +- .60. (2 stops) +-.65 +r.7O ' +\80, +\.9O +(3 6tops ) +-. q5 +\ t ,oo. + ro5 +209 +I4A +132 +117 +105 +94' +53 +A2 +37 +33 +30 +24 +2t +1_o +I1 +15 +13 +!2 +11 +3 +Sroo + +t6 +IX.AOE SI'PIRPOEITI ON +In 8D oeanall coEblnstloD ot tyo lEaga8, tbr tuo +can lEfusc rach otbcF r! ll8btDosE or aa da!.k!.!g, +or tb.y can b! slopprd ontg oEcb otbor. Tb.ta sFa +tbra€ baElc type6 of ltago ruporposltloD' naDtd +sccortllug to hor thot ana Dsdt. +Plcturr8 I & B coDblDcd by... +(l) Doublc .xDosurc ft'oE Dosltlva!. Tho prllt lllE +' ' +-a +expol?FIETEc, o-i'cE-r:-i&T! po8Mve, oncc +lroE B'6 po sltlvc ' +(21 Doub16 .roo.ur6 t!€E lgFatlvc!. lhc DrlDt fl]E +1r axgolad tllce, oDca ft.oE A'8 Dogatlv€r oEco +lrgE BrB Drgattva. +(f) BlDeck. Ire flfE8, cltb€P lrg end B'i poeltlv.8' +'-' 6-r-il?s a'! eDd B's Dc8&t1vr6' ar€ luEort€d +toBetbcr lD tho prlntar 8atc. tb€ prlut !11E +1! orposcd oDca' fror thls Palr. +lb. prlnt fllE 16 uDlpeclflrd. It 1. lE tb. flnal +poalllvc Dr1!t tbrt thc thltr tfpr! of coablDatloD +ir. coope'."d, e,nd tbcy lool vcPy dlff.Fut. +For +8&H tb. dlltcrclce6 caD b. d€scr1b.d by boli to!c8 +cgD b1Dr. +urtb (l)r ll8btn.ss doElDsta!. lbcr. oDo toDt +coDblDa€ yltb aDotbc. tolc tbs Flsult l! Drarly +tha ll8htor of tbc lro t'oDc8. +Ulth (2), deFlnr6a doEluatca' fhc rclult 1! Dearly +tha darkor of tbr tro ton€s. +r tfp. (f) ot e typr (l) !!d r typr (2) 1. Jur! r tvpo (]) +.grlD. +flth (r), tb.r. lE contrirltl?loattoD rblcb ooDplloata! +gba toDa colblDallo!. If r blPrcl 1! ax.!lE.d r.l +(uDprlDtcd) rh.reY.F bolh LEaB.! art clair tbr btDral +ir ilcrr. +Uh.r€v.r rlth.r 1!s8€ 16 blacl tbc blp.c[ +1! st loalt tbrt blact. utcrrYar botb 1!36at arc +bleck !h. blPect 1r doubly blrcl' +lb. blPrcE' rilob +ioorrrr itant' bs! a toEal ra!B' doubllng tb'! or tbr +riirglc l|egci. Tb. blpac: 1! ulprlDtabl. lD tot'o. +To rbltt3ot r plotur. fro! tb. uDprhtrblc blPrct +;;!rai"6 -xpoairrc 1! ttploally lDorcrs.d- l-l ltoP!' +litu + itopi lncrcarc,'ihcro clcu .Dd blaoE colucld' +prlEt! r! I darl Erry rould-Doi a ol.rr dollDltloE +ii oftlcr llghtDr;! 6r darkncaa. flth 2 !top! lncr'l!' +thar. 1. alsrkDQ!t dgElqatlon. +Il tba blprct 1! prlntld oDto glDEa t r.tcrlrl''.to +roduo' +ilc ooutrirt io DbFrl' 1t 1! r tru€ toDal blcndlr' +rltboua dollD&cc, o! iha tto LEa8.!. lr tba 8r8pb! b'lol +iiJi, -iu.- s"tt^-i'bipaor 1! th. !-rn bctrccn tbc t'ypo (t) +rDd tlrpc (2) doublc atPolur.l. +o^flr l BIPICE +r^rctDdllt LY + +17 +Four ldoallzcd Erepb! luEDarlzc tbe tbtlc. bsllc ttpcE o! +suprrpo!ltloD and tba 6a!Ds t blpact. +Ersrpl€ | .l bas d.D3ltt .75 rDd B ba6 drEalty l.?5 lD oD€ +plac.. FDon tbr tlrlt +grepbr lha doublc arposuro +troE polltlve8 bs€ dcEllit rbout l.o 1n tbet plec6. +9.rraI'ft. +q +For a doubla crpolut! lt docsa't DBtlcr rblcb rxpo 8ur€ 1' +iir.i' +or tlrt ilnc lcparat€6 thr tro. ID !oE' Dultl-h'ed +oDllc;l Drlntar!, u!1!B r b.lr-tpl'lttrr' +tb. tro 'xporulrl! +e'rc clnuitrnrou!. fltb.r rEy' tbc tro l1l'!! crn ba +ladcpcudcotly tdJu!t.d tor axpo.ure, fllt.rcil' +'tc' +For a blDich lt doaln't Eattar rblch fllE 1! lD froDt' l1!o +iil i"" -iti-ui +- opi rcarr v lDst.ad ot D!chaDlcallt blprckcd' +ii-"Jii rri ti:uiio -optiiar pFlot.rs tb. flra!-arc.1u.laparrt' +.iitr"l-o"""-p"ojcctriu uccoilrg tbc otbrrr' 11lu!1!4tlon' IE +E-iitifi-p.ritt'.i onc flln nii 5o rn tbc 6rtc and tb.c othcr lD +ir,"-r[i.{l-ir +iront or thc irln! frln. ^tny rsy' thc tuo +f11n! !b8t; onc sxposuro adJultErEt rnd flltt'atloD ' + +SPEC I.TL ORIOINALS +t6 +lhen f11u6 vltl +be phy6lcslly blpeckod th€y should llrBt +b€ r{1p6d rlth a lubrlcatlnS lllo cleaner. Tbls ts good +practlcc for all optlcal prl!tlEg rho! dcllcat. o11B1E6l,6 +r6cclro bsavy baldllDg, +E(I'OSURE COI{P!!|SATION For 8upc4o61t1on6 troD raDdoE plctor1a1 orl8lDal€: +For doublc oxposuFgs, tb€ ttplcal cxpoauro adJu.tErDt +18 oD€ Etgp ot dccreasc troE DoEal, durlD8 cach +orpo aur€. +Ylth ih16 adJuctDsDt a doubl€ 6xpoBur6 of +plctur t eltb plctur€ A 18 the Ea!€ 8a a +!1D81e !or:!a1 exPo6ur€ ot A' +For blpac!6 tbcre 16 Eo r€o1pc. Dxposur€ adJu6tE€lt +18 €xtreEcly dcPsDd€Dt gD Yhlob toD9. colDcld€ llth +rblch. Tbo-sdJustEent 1s aD llcraasc troD Dot'D8l. +In lRnoraDco oi tbc orlalDels (rbt?) aBd l8Dor4lca +of ttc lDtcDtloDs (thy?l 8ur!6 21 6topE lucrra!!. +Ho .rpoaure adJustDoEt caD Egke a blpEck o? +plcture I Hltb plctur€ A tb. .8Ee-rE p1cturu +i prlatsd tbc 6s.De. But a 6aDEe f blpscl-ot +plature A rlth plctur€ A 1! tbo saEc a6 plciuro r +For sup€rposltloDe not trgE raDdoE plctorlsl or1glnal! +toE6s ;l8it lot cooblle at alt. +One lEage !18bt lall +on the oiber'a black' or cl€ar, eBd €xpgaure coDpeDsatlon +1E dlffct.glt, porh8ps UEDC c€ 6 aerlr. +ltb 3p€c1el' r16ged, orlglDals sup€rpo61t1on 18 not +laaB6 coEblDatlon tD the carl16!' 6€na€ but lEaEo +apportloDEcDt -- lEpleltlngs aDd 8upp1aDtlnge. +Ibo r.ules ot ioD. coEblaetlon stlll epply, but trlvlally' +ead a alEpl€r toglc prcYall!. +Doubl. .rpolllg fror polltlv€8, rh.rt ole llagc 1! . - +blrct the-oth€; brBc lPpclr!' uDatlrctcd bt tbr doublc +crDoauF!. fbar. oDG 1D8gc 1! v.ry 118bt lt appaar!' +hrtitly affactcd bt tb€ doublr cxpoluF!. +Doubl. cxDo!1DB troE n.gatlvrs. rb.rc oro llrgc (tbo +ploturc, iot thc tUE) l! c1.ar tbc otbor llaga rpp.ar!' +uDsftcctril by tbr iloubl. .xpo!ur!. +a drt avcD tono, tba othrr +o.pt for brl8htDc.!. Iht +rlndor! for th. otbtr tllB. +Bh axtra arDoluFr, to +laclcscd YlDdor ot tb. otb.r +Thc rost.rtralo crlar of rt8gcd or181aa1! llYolra h18b +contrrlt Dr!l!' alaou!!.d balol. +IETN'RIUO +tD.. blD8cl. r! baBc,of a plalD vbllr aurtac!' , lhorlB8 Jult +itr trriurc, llprrta tbl! tutur. to tbe ot'b'n 1!a8r' + +r9 +XIJLTI-DCOBURE TrlpLc, quadruplc, rtc. Dul!r,pla .xpo!u!!a ar. !4d6 +llEllenl,y to doubl! !rpo!unr!. ft tblFc rould br 5 +axpolup!! lroD th€ !s!c or.Dcarl,y tb. a6!r orlglDrl, +tbcD cach alould Fcalva l/5 nonal crpoaurc. FIla +Cbart C, t/5 ot trJiL lbuttrr rquatB ID:?O colp.Dlattou. +Xono lllclt +tba ortguals ar.€ lpeclal, aDd thr oo[paDlatlou +leac. +HULTI-PlCf, Inlpacl!, quadrlpacl!, ctc. rn! u!.88!48rabl! lD stlpLr oDtlcrl +prlDtars. lor luoh .tfrct! lDtcFedlEt! prlDts Eust be tad6. +For .taupla, io qua,dplpack ArB,OrD Eat. pt'lnt€d blprckB of +.t rltb B aDd C rltb'I'-aEd blpact tbalc tro prhts. lb. ot{cr +of tha o116lDa]! dor!Drt rattcr. +lluRl! BUPERPOSITIoN Of tbs tbr.a type8 ouly (l), tha doubl! cxposurr +tro! posltlvaq corFaapgDdE to Do6!1b1. calar4 or181ua: +AD orl8lDal doubfr arpoEura lsdr tro! tyo rlal acaaGs +1! prrctlce]ly tbo sa!. 8s r prlrtrr doubla lrpolunc +lrdc tlo8 posltlvc 1Ea8!8 of thc !ccn!!. +Typs (2), th! doubla cxposun froE Dagatlvor' le +aa rrtltsct ot thr 'rlog llnrarn na6poDlc ot ur8itlvr +ll}[ !. +Itp€ (t), thr blp4ck, l8 au artltrct ol tbc +traDspa.cDclr of flIE lDagr!, st lra6t oEe of tbaE. +Typo (l) ls Daturers auprr. Prtsrllg olr€ rtrball +prcalucar lucb luparpo!1tlon!. +FLISHINO Doubl. "rposlDg aD larga vlth Do L!r8. -- .otrc llght -- ll8htrDo +(or rtth coLo!.aal 1lgbt aBd colo! prlEt fll!, +color6) tbc blael! +!,!d derlrr toac! rtll! bivllg llttlr +ctfact oD Elddlc touc! +cDd rvrn lc!! oD ll8bt!. +It, 1! lrot a truc ratbod ot coDtralt +ratl uc t1o!. +Scpla tonlDg caD be llnulrtcd bt both color flashh8 lnd color +f llterlng rhcn prhtlDg B&U orlglDel onto colot' lovsr6el prlDt !11! +A b.sltby yrLlor' E4Sonta' or cJratr tl'rlb rh.n prlDtlng olto color +t'avellal fll! ylctd!, ralpactlv.ly, tho ycllor, Eegcata' or cyaD +18a6., a! lf thls dtr :,4!r€r rqc prlsqd froD tb€ orl8lDal t114. +lb.rr 1! Do pbotogrrpblc rotbod lor uDtla8hlng 8 fL3!h.d tErg.. +fhcrr ls bag. rddltlo! (doubl,. arpo!unr) aDal lrag! lultlpllostloD +(blpsol) rld .r.n lEag€ dlyl.loD (blpasE o! Do!t!lv! rlth +Dogatlve), but Do hage rubtr:8ctloa. +gof,tRlst IDJUSII(E{! Olqrr! .dd or rubtrrot lD . blD.cl. .o blDrctlug +ca! rdlult ooEtFr.i. I blDaot (DrlDt.d 8r!!4 t otr +yl.r.d rlr) of rD orl8llal rlth lt! ilupllcrt. l. +lltc r iloubla oo!trr!! ort8lErl. /l blDaol of aD +orlEual rltb ltl lor ooDlr8lt Drgatltr l. 11lr +- +a dirtcuod raduc.il coDtrslt orl81na1. +'fhc blprcl ol eD ot181Dr1 rlth lt! ts18b coDtrilt +B.gatlic ta llt. r Sabattlar lolrrlzrtloDl + +co',oR lx.roE gu?ERrosrrroN +.20 +lh.ro arc tb€ aart thrga ballc ttpas. +Doublc axpo!ura t!9o po!ltlvre gtvr! raldltlrt +oolor rlrtura. +Blprok 1!g +tlxtuPg. +glY€ 6 +( Ybea !o-callod subtnactlvr oolo r +blprckl!g co:.or D€Eitlv.. tb. +YIIOHIIO DOUBLI TPOSURES +rxtr8 ota,D8s ralE lbould ba ErutPsllz€d by +fl1!.FlDg. ) +Doublc expo!ure tt'oD ulgatlvo! 8lvo6 loDothlrg +.Lar. +For Sret! lD tbe tro loagr.' coEbluatloD l! +rr ?or il&H. But for color6, Dot oulJr rrr Drr +colors p!'oduq.d but epparcnt bPlShtDc!.cE do +Dot colblD. qult,c thc !8!. a! tor 8+H. +tb. dt.r lD tFatt!! CC tutlr! +Y'I'C ar. +s1!11;r to tbo!. lD color t11E!. Fll! colorg +ca! b. slDulat.d by pscks ot tbaBc tlltrr! +sDd +ruch caD bs ltemcd about fllE color [4DlpulatloD +lroD tallllarlty +rlth tb. flltar! +cDtl tbclr +coEblDatloEB. +EraEplr l: IEEE€ I ls orenga (cczoOI+CClOOlt) +- +Ioegc E 16 blu€ (CC!OOX+CC2OOo) +Doubl. axpoguPo trgE Do6ltlv€8 ElYa! a rrlpbcrrt +coloi ( ccTox+rD.lo ) +Doublc lrpo!ut! ftgE Dc8atlv.! 8lYae a. lalrly dart +gr.yl!h Br.rn ( CCToI+CC?Oo+NDI .OO) +Brpaci, illb i rtop crpocurc coEp€DlrtloD' glv.! e +llddle gP€Y (NDl .lo) +ExaEple 2: Ilsso I t! Daxl|uE !:od ( C9?59II9C?29!) -. +Ioago B 1r DAxlDu! SrtrD (CC25oY+CC25OC) +Itoublo lrpoEunc fEoD po!1t1vc. glva! yrllor - ( cCz2OIalID., +Douulc cxiorurc froE ;sgatlvc! 81v.! blrcl ( CCIoY+ND2.20 +Blp.ct' ritb ) rtop cxPoaure ooEpcDlatlon, 81v'r +' +bipYll (cc9oY+[Dl .6 ) +EaEDl. ,! IErBc ll 1E a flcBb ( CCroI+CC2o}{+CCl OC ) +- +tnesc B 18 rkt (0c6ox+cC6oc) +Doubl.r .rpolur€ froE polltlvc! glYc! (CCr 2Y+ CCt6n+AC1?Cl +Doubl' crpo!ur' iiot iiiitrvtt Elv'3 ( ccr 8y+cc45x+cc58c ) +nip.ct, titu I ctop cxPo rurs coDpaD6atloq 81va! +( cc5ox+cc60c ) + +Drg60Lv$t +EFFECTS DISSOLVES +l allalo]v! b.gln! Yltb oEa plctunr. tb.D a locoDd plcture +gFdurllt rppqsrr, rll orrr tb. tra[., sbert! tb. trrlc ,lth +tb. flrlt Dlcturr, aDd graduallt rcplaccE lt. +lb. tr.dltloDrl d1!!oly. 1s a llDultrnaou6 (doubla arporcd) +Iln.rr fadrout of tb! llrst lorgc sDd llDran tatlclD of tbr +!.ooad, lrda fros DorltlYa llagc!. +I s|Eults!€ous IoB fadrout aDd log--fadslD latrs qultc q lulpy +dlsrolv! (bccoElDB drrE !1drat' froo posltlvE 1Es8o6)' +R.gula!: dlloolyc! er. plaDDatl as 1l lon Yarlabk lhutt.rs. lt +€rcb frarc tba shutter aDglas for thc tYo €xposult! luat 6uD +to th. full sbuttcr en8la. ND rqulvslrntt caD ba tour:d lD +Chsrt C rld ND fllt.r! +caq b. u6!d to Dalr tb! dl!8o1Y.. +It 1! uot E.c.ErlrJr lor tbo tad6out 4Dd tbc tadclD to be thG +laEa oF cv€D of tbc €aEe iypc. luy cbosr! tsdcout ha! . +coDplc[cntary fadalD ( lound by 6ubtrectloa6 trot lull sbuttrr +aDgla), rDd Ylcs Yar6B. +I dl6rolve tto[ Dc8.t1vq o!181ur1! 1! rad. bt prctradllg tbry +ara polltlv€s aEd follorlD8 tho Dcthod for poEltl"rs. +Uo +dl.colva Eaitc f.o! na8Atlva orlEllrl! l11l loot tb! raEa 4a +a dlBrolvc Eadc troE tb6 correEPoDdlDB po6ltlY€ o.161D31!. +DlEsolvas a!\9 Eraat 6Eootbcrg, not oDly botYceD sccE€s +but betxsoD "cffoctE". +For €taEplc' e dlseolva bet166D a plcturc 1lluE1Datcd +tbteu6h oD6 cofor lllt€r +aDd tbe ssEe (EyDcbt'oDtzed) +plctura ll,LuElDst.d tht€ugh alother color fllt.r +DskcE +a slur of coloratloDs -- a Etralgbt llae eourEo tb!'ough +color apacr -- betycaD the tro. +A dlsrolve botYr€D 4 plcturs pogltlv€ aDd tb6 aaEo +(6JrDcht.o!lzrd) pleturc EGBatlY€ lorEs a plctorlal +bridgr lroE polltlve to DcgatlY€' Tbo brld8r 1r ot +strEBS€ 8tutf. Th€-a1l-Brey plqtur€ 18 Dot oD tbe ray. +The Eontloued straags Etuff 1a r€ElD1ec.nt ot Sabatt16r +6o1arl,zatloq a8a1!. fho doublc €tpoaur€ of a plcturo +rltb 1i! neBstlv€' prof.rably oDto coDtPsstt fllo' +glv€8 a rovarElDB tonallty;- Dat'E tblnEE becoE€ llBbtor +ahaa Elddla tonc thlngs, Yblch reoaln dark€r then llBht +tbln88. +FADE8 FROI{ NEGAIIVE Il i dlslolv€ la Ead. botr€rn 8 D€Eatlve or181Da1 +eld E cLrar (or orEngc) fr'lE tha Pc6u1t t'lBcEbleE +a fsdooui. For tho isd.out to Fs'EbIc a log f&d'out +a speclal dlseolv€ 1s roqulrcd' Tbo clcsr fl1E 18 +fad;d ln rDpnoxlE4talJr loBarltholcally' end th6 +uoBatlvc 1E fad€tt out coEploD€nt4rlly' + +2? +COLOR E(POBURE +TESTINO +lbo esrLlcr dlscu66r'oD6 of axpo€utre 3pply-&s r€II to +lli"i +"irntrns crcopt that Dov color and brlEhtncBr a !'e +iirulti.uf". +iho adiu6tE.nts art oade prloertly rlth +cc l11ter! and ND fllt6r6' +r ccY-- fllter rorka FouEhly 11!e aE ND'-- flltcr +on +juii-tl" +blu€ part of tba sPectruE, rbllc !ot. elfsctlDg +f,be reet ol th; spcctru.B. illEllsrly a cct't -tlltrr cutr +ii" "i."o .na s cbc tllter cut! the rsd' ND -l1l'tcr6-^ +JiirE'ii-"ii"r"aiio ui cc lllt€r!' +For cxalplc' ND''c +ii-i"iirt- iEioiicc roil* ccroc ' tbl! !l1ElDatlon 16 +!i3ii'iii"ii6"i +.nE jrrsuu'v lnrcrlor 8p'ctrallv' +color edlustoeDt! a!'e Dadc !rcoDdarlly rlth UV tlltcr!' +in-iiriii", +ard baod rcJtctloD filt''r!' +ls rlltb B&H' cornscltoD ol ElEetpolcd orlglDal!-lhould +il ;;;; G -;.;ii.. -."tu.t tban latcr pr{ntlqs !t'ps' +FoF e Ee!€ral color .xPolura dctrrllnltloDt tbG tclt or161ua1- +""il"ia"i!-l-''.ii:lipiii!i - iii'-J i- lui rorc"int tlDd' pr'r€rabrt +iriu i""i. erege of'pcgr-o€utral old-toaso' +lon. a loDE sqrlr6 of t96t +orint le aoEpat'od rlth thc +tli orr*luel i8 loss d'!1rabl€ +ttlca oi tb. or181De1. Tbe +ot €a6y. +t bv val'ylag cC aud [D EoparatqlY' +veited.- A cC Yalur 16 llxod aDo +loDB tbe Dorc d l ttl cult ' +of f-urlgutnce" Plctur'8 eD't +color P16turr r' lhlE lrsd! +oD. +add.d to tho CC gu'!! +Tbc l? CC Yarlstlona X tb. 9 llD YariattoDs = q ll' +tt.aEc +toEt. +ooo +o to +020 +oto +to o +lo lo +o +o +o +o +o + +o ro 20 +o ro ,o +0 200 +o 20 lo +o20?o +o 20 +'o +o loo +o ,0 lo +oro20 +o to ,o +to o o' +ro o +10 +r00?o +roorc +ro to o +ro 20 0 +ro ,o o +2000 +20 0 +lo +200 +& +2001o +20 to o +&200 +20roo +,oo +o +to o lo +lo0 +4 +,oo +,o +lo lo o +]o20o +,ofro + +?1 ++lf +t +,qH +. +lor +2qr +lgY +2qx +r ol,t +lpc +' +2Qc ++ ++Y +I Jolnt colop eud brlEbtD€ls trlt ls r Dct lprcad ovrr th. +Lo8lcst rogloa arouDd rtl lDltlal guc!!' to catcb th. rlgbt +tIPO lUFt. +Thr ,7 ltnG tclt lD tba .ra.apla ls a ratbar flnc lo-zo-fo Dlt +uasbLG ybr! tihar. l! felr cotrlldoDcr ln thc lnltlal 8uo!!. +Hh.! tb.rs 1! bcttcr coDfldcDc! lD thr guaE! tha tast could +bc abrldgrd to. t9 11n! 'lo-2o D.t (by oEtttlBg tb! llD.s rltb +Jo'r) eud tb. D va!:letlonr allo lraluoad. +Vr!.t flla +lDcroEcD tB +tro colo r +lD r.p ldly +r,ud CCO25 +edJu!t!!Dt! to color oxpo!ur.' roqultlnE lart! Ylth +tlDar tbrD CCIO rDd ND.lor rrc oDlt JuEtlfl.d YhlD +cxporuFa! !u!t lrtct lD tro part! of oac frr!!, or +rucccadlDg frllas. +l! rbsolut! rdJust'E€Dt!, coo5 +ara too lllrlt +to b. dlt..taal bt tbr Plocqlllng lib. +th.n th.r. 11 ltttl. +.orfld.!c. +1D tbo Sucs! th! l0-2o-)o D.t +couldl b. lodlft.d tr r ...r..r +2o-ao-6o DOt (bt doublhg l'lt +y.lu.!, lDoludua tbr fD nrlrtlo!.). +thl. 1! lttll r ,7 IlDc +t.st. +.l I o-2o-t0-4o- 50-60 D.! r ulil Fcqul!'a r prlBtullt loDg +obart (251 llncal). +I tlro aDd roD.y aDil tltr problaE arllc!: +riltbcr to do tba hu8c tolt |rril alata:'llDc tb! !18bt .xpoauF. Dor' +o!. to do a ooar.c taat and.hott dat.t:!l!r t'bc rl6bt .rDolura +.Dd D.rhrp. hrva to do a tlu.r !at.tt. +othar talt rlrla! can br daal6nad rlth lpaclflo 8orll. ,ll.o +tb. vrFlattoar caa ba lloor?ontaA lDto tba 8u.tl' lsthat +tbrn lddad oD, for llptoYad rccu!:3ot. + +25 +CC PACf, RIDUCTION +tlur ooLbllttlou ot CCI, CCM, CCC. rDd rl.o CCn- .cd +ccR cru b. rcducld !o . Drirly .qulvr,l.Dt "oiliaiii;r +ot Jult tro ol t.ba flrlt, +tlDd. -rDal rono fO. ------- +X.tbod: l. oheag. CCB to CCI{+CCC +cbsD8. CCC tp CC !+CCC +ch&g€ CCR to CCY+CC}| +2. rdd to8eth.r rll +CCY +rdd tog.thqr all CCX +r,dd tog.thrP rll +CCC +,. rblchcvlr of thr tbrra t1Ed. hr. tbc orllr.t +totrl lD .t.p 2 lr allllDrtrd. +.lD aqual +.,EouDt ol ID 1r fddcd. .aD .qual arouut lt +lubtractcd tr.oE tha rorlahg tro llnil! ln +!t.p 2. +4. couEt tbo DuEb€r ot CC flItlr! +1D tbo lDltlal +aDd fllal psck6. If tbr DuDb€r ba8 lDcraalod +eubtract ND.04 tlDo6 th6 lBcf€alc. If thr +DuEber has decrrascd add fD.O4 tlE.€ tho +d ocraa6e. +DaEpl€: Roduc€ tb6 pecE CCzOY+ CCI OC+ CCAOR +l. pack becoE€8 CC2OY+ CCt OC+ CC4OY+ CC4O +2. pack becoEs! cc60Y+ccAot +ccloc +,. pack bocoBcs CC5OY+ CCrOl,l+ND. to +4. pack b€qoErB CC50Y+ CCfoM+ND. I 4 +HIOH CONTzuSI PRINTS the trchDlquog for prlDtlDg oDto h18b coDt,t'a.t +(EaEElDg) stockE aF€ 11ttlr dltf€relt troa tbocr +for prlDtlDE oDto 10r contrest (plctprial) ltock8. +fbc bl8b coDtrs€t st,ock 1ts€lt 1! th. toDc-d 1 tfa roD ca- +axaBgcFqtor. +On! BFy toD. lD tbc on181Ds:, Eat prlut uDcbaDgad +-lE-tbc blBh coDtra!i EaBrtlvc (b1ooD). +!oDr6 a ]lttlr +darker thaE thlt oDc lD thr orl81D.1 +brcoEo Euob llgbtar lD thr bleoD. +toDos Euch darker theE tbc oDe lD ibc grlglDal bccoDc +cfear lD thr hl co!. +toD.6 e llttla +118htar tbaD thr oE€ h tb6 orlglDel +bocoEc Eucb dartor lD tbc hlcoD. +toD68 Euch 116btcr tbaD thr oDo lD tbc orlSlDrl bacoEc +blacl lD tbc blcoD. + +HICON E(IOSURE +CONTR.AST BUILDINC STES +HICOT SPECELE +26 +r1!t lreE s contlDuoua toD€ +62 otock caD bc drveloped to +stop! axtre qrposur€' rlEloD s +61y prlDtrd cleer onto ?f62 +61on8 thlcb plrYldl BIY PrlDt€d +dErk 8r€y oelo 7162 r.111 nor prllt bleck. +lll, but about a three stop ran69 of tgnes 1! thg gr18lE6l +Drlnt cl6Ar or black ta tie 7162 blcon. AdJu8tlng the +ixpoaure adJusts rhero tb18 bluDt "cut" occur8 1D thd +o11ElDal. +Erpoaure 18 soEerhat d€p€Ddsnt gn pt!coEs1D8-tlEe' +iiiperetur'c, and a8ltatio!. It 1e gtrcDBly d'poldent +oD uv lll tret lon. +ln .xpo6urc test lE Eede by pPlattng tbc or181ne1 ,oDto +the hicon 6tock at a lonE rcr168 ol c1o8€1y spaced- +eipo""ree. Thc orl81EAl and prlDt-Hcd8€ ar! l6pt tor +r€fe roD ce. +A hlcon DrlDt of a blcoD prlDt lE aD 6reggeFatlon +of an exi88eratlon ot toDe dltf6renc€s. ' +or blacE. +If thc flrst blcoD had gaEEE 4, tbe 8€coDd blcoD +bad €ff€ctlve EaEDa 16, ths tblnd bad 6lt€ct1ve +gaooa 64, and oo oD. +Att.r ,' 4, or 5 hlcon Een€ratlonE a hlgh coDtralt +uaii rg'a.i'r".a frcD th; qoDtlnuous toDe orlEl!41' +It 16, pFactlcaUy' all cl6ar and black' +No a!.ea ol Elddl€ loDc aurvlY€B 8!D6ratloD elter SgDeretloD +6i iiAz. ItE grBlllleao Eakee 1t not a 61Dg1e toE€' so +i[r"-tooe patt6ro le Eade gtark€r and qoarg€r by €acb +"ooi"""i uurtalug 8tep, bocoEln8 a blAck and cl€aF spockl'' +fo aygld sDecklc, 6xpoaurs Duet b€ adJu6t€d at aD ssrly +"i.o. uefoie tueic fi btack aDd eI€er 1! tho patt€lal' to +fori6 tlc Yholc ar6a to c168r or to b1acE' +Tg pt€ogt€ 6pccklg, stposuttg 1s adJuat€d to bold tbe ar€a +lD the Br€ys th t'ougb aov€ral stop8. + +27 +TONE ISOLTTION +LOCIC OF I.LASK +2. +t. +COMBINAT ION +Th6 part8 ot Ln orlglnal vhlch share a 61nRlo toD€ cBn +b€ lsolat€d by a hlcon Eaek derty€d froo tEe ort;ln;l +es follois (all prlntlng st€pE betnt exect t:iji'---- +t. +II{IOE SPREAD +AND BLOOX +Eake a D€gatlve hlcoE f!98 the orlglnEl tltb +9rpo6uF6 sgJu8ted to EAke tho choeA! toue Bo +1lgbt, lrh1le toD6s aoEoHbet llgbter tbBn 1I +8o dafk i +blpeck th€ orlBlnel Hlth the ro6ult of I, prlDtlDe +onto hlcoD legatlvs; +Bddltlonal coEtraBt bulld1!B Et6pB aB nocessary. +Hlcon oEsks b€1Dg a1l clear end black ob€y +s1Bpllf1ed !'u1o B of sup€rpo61tlon. Ulth +epproprlete €xposure, prlntlng onto blcon +nsgatlv€, tb€ rulea ar€ | +t. In doublg sxpogur€, vbgr€ the!.e 1s black +1D both or161Da,l8 becoEee cl,car. fh6 rest +becoEes bl. ack. +2. ID blpack, rhere tb€r€ ,,8 cleer 1D both +orlglnals becoEeE b1acl. The reEt bgcoDe6 +c1ear. +For Eask6, double expoeure and blpack are +lntlEately rel4ted by th6ee tro BooleaD RuLcs, +rhlch refe. to tb€ xboLr of th6 Ea6k (a11 prlDtlut +etepE b€1ng exa,ct t 3l ) ! +l. Tb€ le6atlve o! the n€gatlvc of A 1s th€ +eaE€ aa A. +2. The rEH (unprlnted) blpeqk ot the negatlv€ +ol A Hltb th€ negatlee ot B lE th€ 6a@6 a6 +the Degatlve doubls expoeur€ of A aud B. +Theee tyo rules en4blg blpacko tg be 911!1!atgd +for double expo6ur€€, aDd ylcg versa. Larg€ +Eultlipecks, rhlch erg lEpractlcel, 4re +61lE1Dsted for ler6e Eultl-rxposur€s, lrhlch +are prectlca,l. +Epotlng e hlcoE prlut lroE r! alraedy blcou +'rorlBlnal' scrE! DoD-crltloa1. Blacl bccoEa! +claar aDd claer bacoua3 bleck ovar lavcrel stops +ot arpolunt cbaugq. HoYcYcr, Eort ot thelc +rrpolur€3 a!r! oYaFlrpoauF!3 xblcb arall erd lprr.d +tb. l'l:caa o! blacl LEaBc. Vlth thc fllrlt 2 or , +stop! ot ov€!:lxpoaura tbr !pr"4d la Elor.gscoplc. +8.yoDd tblg tha .dgc6 ol .noe. glyc out rDd +po!1t1valt blooq. +Bfoo! 1! pn.tty. It 1. tbc rcrutt ol botb l.D! +dlffr.ctloD rDd flID brlrtloD. It blDt! tbrt +IurtlDS uDdrr rvcrt that? arpo !ura' DrDt ttpp! +tlom, ir r rccoDal.it prtt.m of arpoluFc eproadlag +ov.l. tba rbola f n!a. + +}{AsE .tND COUNTm}{IST +28 +BlooE Eoko! lt llpo.alblc to !6psret6 dat*cr tonc! +o! B coutlDuous tono orl6lDal rltb a hlcoD pFlnt +bt brut6 fgrcG ol lxpoaurc ddJultE€nt. +IE.gc Eprlad 1! thr rrsult ol 9d86 uDlbar?Dess +of both Iens sad lllE. +It EakoE thc hlgh contFalt +pbotoBlBphy of tlny drtallB, 11k€ llD€ prlnt' +d l lfl cul t. +Rsy.F6el D!:oc!6s€d blcoD cen .bor lEa8c 8bP1Ek +.! YetI 4; 1EaE6 spraad' aDd at €xactly the rlgbt +cxpo6uro, ne lthcr" +Usuelly gvgr€xpoBlng tbg hlcoD 16 uDD.c.5!any. +Not ouite blact black! lDdlcetcE a !a!9 €tpolure' +aud ill +tbat 1E D.€dcd It th.r€ 1111 b€ e lat€r +hlcoD gaDcratlo n. +A hlRb coDtrslt Deaatlv€ prlDt Dadc at €xsct l:l +iroo"a hleh coDtra;t Dask 1B lts 'couDtcnarkn' +E act l:l reproductlon (dlscus!.d rbov€ ln AIXFRfUI) +ls tb€ flPBt toqulP6DoDt for Sood fr.ttlu8 ot thc palr. +HsvlDB acbloY€d cxd,ct l:t r€prioductloD, psrfoctloDl!t! +Ylll ;ot,1ce tbat lEs8e apFcsd cau.r! s !118ht Ellllt +ol Drsk sDd couEtelra6k, tbe blsci rc8loDr 611gbt1y +ovcrlapplDS. Tbn66 YatE srouDd tblB are: +i,'to-u"" tb€ .harpast le!! rnd fltE (vl2. 7169)' +or b€tler Jrot, to oontact prlDt rltb th16 fllEi +2, tg Eakr tba couDt6rE8sk rlth lprcad ta uau4l +rhllr s,lso reEEtlDB the Eask' bt DnlEtlDE lt +flr8t elth crccallte (doublo) !pr€6d aDd tbeD +prlDtllg that, tlth uEuel sProad; +l. io uge ;cverga] plgc6B6ad blcoD t! dlecurs.d +bq Io r. +ChenSla8 the EagDlflcatlo! calnot cort.oct sprcadlnS' +REVERS3L/NEITM FII1ING A bcautlful trtc! allors v.11-fltted Eask Pa1r8 +Hlthout cxact l:l !€tup. lboy rrr Ea66 by +ctpo.lng tro lcDgths ot 1162 troE' the .8!a blcoD +oplelDel ullER thc ldoDtlcal (uDdllturbld) !atup. +o;c-l€DBth ts-procr.!6d !e6atlYr aDtl t'hr otbsr 1! +orpccEaid reveiaal. Tbat arr th! Dq.k and +countcr.naek. Tbc orl8lnal Eay bo dlscardgd' +Fon p€rfsctlon, +EI18bt aproadhg +1r equal to th. +r.vcr8al prftt. +crpoguto. err rdJultcd so tha +oi btack 1n thc ncgrt,l"r Prlnt +lllght .pr€adlDg of clcar 1! thc + +29 +FITTHE.ED X.t3T9 +II'IIOE MARRIAGE +Thl! pr.obLoE atosr aboy! lq IINrRAHE, EtEDt"- +an optlcal prlntcr xltb uDEAtchcd caE€ra, a;d-' +gitr ttglEtrstlon Each4trlsE6, bov.yar axogllaqt +they Eay bc, l! dooocd to rrBlatrstlon dct€ctr +ln lo€t.ft€ct8. +If Eesk aDd couDtatlrst tr! lott-catBed tnetcad ot hrttd-rdRcd +tb€n they blcld llstesd of flt, +aDd tbls t! blgh),y tolrrs;t +ot rtBlBtretlgn dotrcte aDd lD€xsct l!l +l.faklDg a palr vlth Eultebl€ sottnGs!GE 1o lgt qssJr, hor€var. +OD€ caDDot be e hlcgn prlnt of tbg other. E9ED a gaEna I +Dsgatlve gf e Boft-€alged Eask r11l Dot bave bleDdebl€ roftlese +A Eethod 1Dvol.v6a EellDg gaEEa 'l pgsltlv€s froE e bad-€dggd +oaek I,B1r, prlnted out ot focu8, Il gaEEe I r.yers8l (?)51) +doee Dot hav€ .u!f1c1€Dt blecE, Degatlve-pos1tlv€ (7214-7166) +doea. +IDetead of sctuElly EaklDg !oft-edg€d DsEke, tb€ hari-€d8ed +EaskE, detocuBed, caD tuDcilon a6 !oft-sdg6d. 8lnce ths +uEual use gt lask palrs 16 lD blpacko Hltb plctures (lfilcb +thouldDrt be d9locussd) tbls Ea,D€uv€r requlree clther a +prlDt€r ca,Dere lrblch tak€B a blpack or ED "aarlel lDagan +ttrpc Eultl-be4d optlcal prlDter, ID sacb ot tb6r€ tbo +Iblpecked'r tllEB e,rc sepBrated. +HlpeE, ln8€rtB, splltgcrreD€, colorad t1tl.eB, ctc. arr all +exanples of th€ EBDe techDlque. One plcture lE blpacled +cltb one Eask snd thls la €rposcd oDto a plctorlal prlut +f1lE. lnotbsr plctur. ls blpached Hlth tbg counter-oask aDd +thls ls cxposed onto tbe aaEe fratlcE ot pr'lDt tIlE. +Tb€ +Ea.6k aDd couDtGl8s6k partltloD thc freE€ lor the tro plcturcE. +There 16 !o black p€Elon ead no rcgloD ot plctgrlel double +sxpoaur€ 1! the prlDt. +lny pelr ot Eask and count€rlaskr rhcre oDe procegdE +Bnadually troe ell clcar to atl bl4ck (the other troE al,l +bla,ck to all clesr) dellneE a ulpe. "Proce€ds 8t€duellyrl +1e BubJ€ct to lntst pr€tstlon. +Pl.etty learlt all +fall lDto th16e catgeo rlc 6 ! +I. Oae r€EloD talc€8 lts sbape ftoD tbe thlEEE plcturtd rlthl! lt. +II. ODc rrgloa trkc6 ltg EhBpr tloE tbo tb1n88 plctuFd arouDd lt +IIf. Olc rcglon takos 1t6 shsp€ ft'oE 6oE€ uot-plctuttd tbln8. +IEEBe EArrlEEe€ +III + +50 +r.{-6r aLICENESS +HICOD PROCE!}6INC +For 6ucccsslul lEag6 EsrrlaEe tbe blsck ol th6 blcon Eaek +Bhould b6 about r 6tops darker tbaD tle black qf th€ ptctur€ +ublcb r1lt flll the bleck ne61on. +HICONS FRou COLOR ORIOINAI,S 7162 ll].s lE 8eDB1t1ve to blue l1gbt oDl.y. +Fgr €xaoplc, 1t c4nDot I's€e. th€ brlgbtD6sB +dlfl€reDc€ bctv€eu ebltc ald brlght blue, or +betv€on yellot aDd red. +color fllterlDB aj.ltl 7162 bae elth€r Do efleet, +or the cffect ol ND tlltratloD. +If a blco! Eask 16 raDt€dr ba8ed on color +dlfterenc€8, o l ther +I. Flrat prlEt tbe orlSllsl oDto pancltt'oEEtlc +coDtlDuou6 tene tlIE (7276, 7215, .lc.) +yltb coLor tllters se Ee€d€d to e€parato +the colors. TbeE prlnt ir.L. odto 7162. +or 1I. Pr1!t tbc or181!a1 onto paDchl9Detlc +blcon fll.E (7169) rltb color flltere a8 +D€gd€d to !€paratc tbo cglors. +If tro colorE er€ dlffcreDt, tb€rc 18 a fllter +rhlch 1111 EBk6 thoE r€cg r.'d dltt!t'€ntly op +papchtlEatlc llIE. +thls 16 slBpl,er rhg! the t'ro colore al.g on fllD +tba! rben th€y er'€ lD th€ Estur8.l Yorld, b€cauae +l1lD col.oFa eFe spoctrally slEplsF. Io d€clde +rhat tllt€r best sqperates tro fllE color8 +thlnt ol oach color aB oade of CCY, CCM, ald Ccc. +lfh€t€ycr the dlffer€nc. b€tr€6! the tvo color6 +le Br€at€st (1n tbs Y' tbe ll, or tbe c) cboo€6 +tb€-coBpl€Ee!t8!T lllter +(B,O,R, r€epectlvolt) +1D a stFoDg (aon-CC) YerElon. +EraEple: Color I 1s e flesh ( CCroY+gg 26yagA l0C ) +color 2 1B sky(ccoY+cc6ou+cc8oc ) +Tbe gl.€atset dltlsr:€Dco 16 lD tb6 ctaD +(c), 8o a F9d tlltar +sucb ao UratteD +#29 lE usod to acp4rate th16 ll€8b +and 8kt. +N.RetlYe +T--iiiEliop 6 Elluto3 1D D-ll O?oo rlth coDtlDuous agltatloD' +2. Rlnsc Jo sccoade la stopbetb or let.r. +,. Flr li ElDutes. +(ii--;i6s'o;i;. +Rllse t ElEutr lD HJrpo qlcartne lg'Dt') +'ii' rlii'e-iii']t"a-in-r'nnaioe rater Iionger lor-Pr'alencr)' +t':"' + +r +t1 +OPTICAL PRINIE.D RELEASE PRINTS +RITUAL AND IRT +lD lodif16d D-lt (addtqS 2a 8od1uE +ltrlocJraDate p€r llter) e?oo rtth +contlnuoua eE l tat 1oD. +Yater oDly. +R-9 or "f,odek Bl,eacb'r. +CB-l (Eolutlo! of 906 Eodlu! gulflte +F€r Ilter ot rst€r). +5. RlDse 2 ElEuteE 1! rater. +DurlDg tbls tlEs flaeb to 118bt: l0 B€conds et l foot +fr.gE lo0 ratt lalp, or equlvrlcat crpoBuFo. lb1s lE +GrtrcEely appFgrlEetc. fr€ rooEll8bt DaJr bc l€ft oD Dor +5. Devolop , DlDuts6 lD D-lt. +7. Rlnec ,0 eecoDde lD stopbath or Yatcr. +8. Flx tt E lDutes. +9. Hasb 2 ollutoB lD rulllDg rat€r (1oD8€! tgr penereoce), +lO. Dry. +It rey€ra8l rtsp 5 tbo f11! lools l,1ke carv.d lvory. +the xgrk of l1lE art El8ht not tol€rato +tbe extra Ben€ra,tloE to e Daater su1tabl6 +lor laborstory rel6aBe p11nt1n8. Or 1t +Elght r€qulre euch uDuaual relea6e prlnt +Eaterlal or treatdent ot the r€leare +prlnt Eaterlal thgt a laboratory uon't +touch tt. +ttsn optlcal prlnt€d r€lee8e +prlnts er€ reaaon4ble. Sound Esy bave +to be EBBEetlc, on 4 etrlp€ app116d to tbc +flnlshed prlDt (pFet€rably ln €dulsloD +po B1t ton IIIa). +R€vgrBeL +T-T-e?61[op 6 E lDut€ 6 +2. RlnEe I Euute ln +,. Bl.ach I DlEute ln +4. Cl.ar I ElDute 1n +Tro EodluEs EAy allor prgductloD ol exactly the BBE€ +range ot obJectB, but by dlffsrent EeaDs. TbeD dlfl€t'€nt +obJacts 1111 1D tact be oad€ ln th€ tro EedluEs ald the +occeElona] ldcntical obJects 1111, h4eo dlftereDt EeanlDgs' +f,nor rhat E€d1uE you are l!l. + diff --git a/ocr/tesseract_output.txt b/ocr/tesseract_output.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..fa57e37 --- /dev/null +++ b/ocr/tesseract_output.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1690 @@ += NOTES ON OPTICAL PRINTER TECHNIQUE + +Magnification 1 Fadea in Original 14 +Blowup.& Reduotion 2 Chart C: Neutral Déneity and + +Blowup Sharpness 2 Equivalent Shutter + +Printer Lenses 3 Angle 15 +Optical Zoom 3 Image Superposition 16 +Lene Aperture 3 Gamma # Bipack 16 +Focusing 4 Incidentally 16 +Focusing Aperture 4 Exposure Compensation 18 +Focusing Precision 4 Special Originals 18 +Focusing Target 4 Texturing 18 +Depth of Field 4 Multi-Exposure 19 +Bolex Priam 4 Multi-Pack 19 +Bolex Groundglass 4 Natural Superposition 19 +Defecus 4 Flashing 19 +X-Y Adjustment 4 Contrast Adjustment 19 +Exact 13:1 5 Color Image Superposition 20 +Ainframe 5 Weighted Double Exposures 20 +Franelines 6 Dissolves 21 +Emulsion Position T Effects Dissolves 2} +Time 8 Fades from Negative 21 +Fancy Freeze 8 Color Exposure 22 +Fancy Slow 8 Testing 22 +Diffusers 8 CC Pack Reduction 25 +UV Filter 9 High Contrast Printa 25 +IR Filter 9 Hicon Exposure 26 +Green Filter 3 Contrast Building Steps 26 +Filter Location 9 Hicon Speckle 26 +Exposure 9 Tone Isolation 27 +Exposure Adjusters 9 Logie of Mask Combination 27 +Specifying Exposure 11 Image Spread and Bloom 27 +Film Speed 11 Mask and Countermask 28 +Right Exposure 1 Reversal/Negative Fitting 28 +Generations 2 Feathered Maska 29 +Bellows Formula 13 Image Marriage 2g +Fades 13 Mask Blacknesé 30 +Log Fade 14 Hicona from Color Originals 30 +Bolex Variable Shutter 14 Hicon Processing 30 +Linear Fade 14 Optical Printed Release Prints 31 +Other Fades 14 Ritual and Art 31 + +i on +| revisec . +NOTES ON OPTICAL PRINTER TECHNIQUE +DENNIS COUZIN +March 1983 + +An optical printer 18 a device for photographing the frames +of one film sco as to make another filn. + +e 2 - . , +I +Cc + +It consists essentially of @ camera (C) connected by a +bellows (B) to a lens (L) aimed at a film in a gate (G) illuminated +from behind by a lamp (I). + +The camera and gate each have motorized intermittant filin +movements so that any frame of the "original" film can be +conveniently photographed onto any frame of the "print" filo. + +The camera can be an ordinary cine camera, less its lens, +and the gate can be an ordinary cine projector, less its lens. +Ideally they have identical syatemsa of film registration, aa if +one Were the lens’ image of the other. The lens can be any +bellows mountable lens. Ideally it ie specially corrected for +the amall and nearly equal sizes of this object and image. + +The camera and the lens can elide independently to and fro +the film gate. Thie adjustea the magnification and the focus of +the photography. + +MAGNIFICATION If the lens is (nominally) midway between the films + +when one is focused on the other, then the magnification +is 1. At M=1 (also called 1:1} the whole of the original +frame 1s photographed at a size which fllis the whole +of the print frame. + +i ) oY ? +If the lens 18 moved closer to the gate, then the +camera must be moved back, farther from the gate, + +_ to keep the one film focused on the other. Then the +Copyright (1983 by Dennie Couzin + +r +2 +magnification is greater than 1. At M>1 a part of the +original frame is photographed at a size which fille the +whole of the print frame. +If, starting from the 1:1! setup, the lene is moved +farther from the gate, then the camera must also be +moved back, farther from the gate, to keep the one film +focused on the other. Then the magnification is loser +than 1. At M<1! the whole of the original frame is +photographed at a size wohich does not fill the whole +of the print frame. The remainder of the print frane +46 filled with a photograph of the gate as it surrounds +the original frame (ideslly perfectly black). +6 y +For each position of the lens there is exactly one +correct (focused) position for the camera. But for +each position of the camera (except the 13:1 position) +there are two correct positions for the lens. One +gives M>1, the other M<}. +BLOWUP & REDUCTION The printer gate may hold Smm film and the printer +camera 16mm, or vice versa. With ap M=2 setup an +Sum original frame 18 photographed onto a whole +1énm frame. With an M=¢t setup a whole !6um original +frame is photographed onto an Smm frame. Conversion +between any two film gauges 4s possible thia way, +provided the frames have the sane proportions, as +Sum, super San, 16mm, and some 55ma do. +BLOWUP SHARPNESS A 16mm picture of a flea can be just as sharp ae +@ 16mm picture of an elephant. Fut & \é6an picture +of an Smm picture cannot be expected to be as sharp +as a t6mn picture of a 16mm picture. Pictures differ +. from thinge in having very limited detail. The 16as +blawup, even if it preserven all the pictorial detail +of the mm original, spreads it out, so the blowup +ie less sharp absolutely than the original. + +, +3 + +Under extreme magnification -- a microscope objec +eould be the printer lene -- pictorial detail i: diffuse +and the underlying natural thing, the enulsion, is all +that could be photographed sharply. But the grains are +too small to be sharply imaged with light. Here even +the natural thing haa been photographically exhausted, +an 8mm original blown up to 16mm and projected will +appear sharper than the sane 8mm original optically +printed onto Smm and projected. If the blowup optics +are good thie is even true when the 1:1 printing is by +contact. Likewise for 16mm to 35mm. (This ie all due +to the print film being in effect twice as sharp and +half as grainy in a bigger frame.) + +PRINTER LENSES A lens well-corrected for M-1 is less well-corrected + +for M=? (or M=t). A lene Wwell-corrected for M=2 is +leas wall-corrected for M=4 (or M=%). Etc. (Floating +elementea improve this.) A lens well-corrected for M=1 +for a larger format is lees than ideal for M-1 for a +smaller format. With such specialization (and expense) +in optical printer optics what ie the hope for the + +$50 SOmm enlarger lens, optimized for M=.1 and much too +large a format? Wot bac, provided the sharpest aperture +ie found and heeded and focusing technique is eine. +Aleo, for Mé! ano asyunetrical lens should be mounted +the right way, which is usually with its smaller glass +facing the smaller image. + +A very sharp cheap printer lens is the Canon Macrophoto +35mm £/2.8. + +OPTICAL ZOOM Optical printers do not use soom lenses, although they could. +An optical printer toom is made by moving the camera and +lene each frame, so as to vary magnification while holding +focus. It is a dolly shot! A dolly abot is equivalent +to a toom for a flat subject. + +Geometrically this zoom oan be identical to a zoom had + +it been made in the original photography. It can also + +be deviant, by tracking not to the center of the frame. +Pictorially the zoom gets grainy, showing that it was + +not made in the original photography. + +Rather than focua at each frame, camera am lene positions +can be precharted for, say, every 10th frame, and the other +positions interpolated or computed. On the J-E, counting +the turns of the lead screw ie a means of repeatable +positioning. A follo¥-focus sechanian is @ boon to optical +Z£oons. + +The rate and course of s00ming is a factor of style, + +as it is in original cinematography. + +LESS APERTURE” For picture taking the printer lens should be at whichever +aperture gives the sharpest pictures. This 4e found in +teste. If a lens must be atopped down past f/8 to reach +optimum it is a terrible printer lene. + +F +4 +FOCUSING Printer focusing procedure is different at different magnifi +At 1:1 the camera, not the lens, 4e moved for focusing,’ Gulp) +at magnifications greater than about 1.4 18 it better to nove +the lens for focusing. +Near the t:1 setup lens motion has no focusing effect. With +the camera fixed in its 1:1 position lens motion: adjusts +magnification between about M=.96 and M=1.04 (at f/5.6). +FOCUSING APERTURE With all but the best optical printer lenses either +(1) foous at the taking aperture or (2) foous at a +larger aperture and then shift focus by a pre-established +distance before taking. This "fudge-factor" is found in +film teate. +FOCUSING PRECISION Especially when focusing stopped dowm, focus many +times (perhaps 20) and set an average position. + +FOCUSING TARGET Use whatever target ie found eablest to focus on. +One caution: the fudge-factor is target dependent. +Very fine resolution targete may require different +fudge factora than coarser targete do. + +DEPTH OF FIELD at indicated f/5.6 there is already more than enough +depth of field for a4 bipack, at 1:1. dAleo it ig unnecessary +to refocus when adding the second film. Likewlee when +a single film ie reversed’ emulsion to base. At larger +apertures and at larger magnifications depth of field +is lese. + +BOLEX PRISM It isn't a worry. There len't a distinetion between RX + +lenees and non-RX lenses for most any lens which will be +used on a bellows for optical printing. +BOLEX GROUNDGLASS Only for the best optical printer lenses, which will +be used at apertures larger than f/4, does the Bolex +groundglass need to be reset from its everyday position. +DEFOCUS To throw an image out of focua without changing ite size, if +printing at i:1, move the camera 4 distance and the lens ¢ this +dietance, in the same direction. + +X-Y ADJUSTMENT Besides its to and fro movement the lene haa lateral +movements. These adjust the position of the original +frame's image on the print frame. For example, if the +lens is raised a bit... + +5 +At 1:1 moving the lens up a distance d raises the viewed +field by twice 4d. Likewise for down, right, and left. +At M>1 lateral adjustment effects a scan of the original +frame. This is not geometrically equivalent to a pan, +bad it been made in the original photography, +On simple optical printers the only lateral ad Justment +is of the lens (rather than the heavier camera or gate). +Thie is Geometrically adequate. +But the J-K adjustments are even too flimsy for a lens. +It helps, after they are set, to gently tap the lens, ac +it finds a stable position, and then to readjust if +necessary, etc., etc. + +EXACT 1:1 The lateral movements of the lens, the to-fro movements of + +the lens and camera, and a tilting of the camera (if necessary) +allow the optical printer to be set for exact 1:1 reproduction. +Then the printed image is the same aize and in the same position +as the original image. If the printer lacks a tilt adjustment +the oamera may be shinmed. + +AIMFRAME A Special frame is made to guide the exact 1:1 setup. To make +an "aimframe" use the optical printer camera (though not +necessarily with the optical printer lens) to photograph a +target which is epecially drawn to contain detaila exactly’ +coinciding, as seen through the camera eyepiece, with details +permanently on the groundglass. The photograph made while the +coincidence is seen is the ainfrane. + +Every groundglass has some permanent detaile, even if only ite +flaws. The field edge is a poor choice of detail if the mask +is thick or if the eyepiece is aberrated at the edge. Two +points of detail are enough for a well~aligned printer, three +pointe for a suspect one. +A reticle made on high resolution film may be attached to the +groundglass to add details. Small patterns of concentric circles +and other patterns which self-moiré are ideal. also the ainframe +can be a negative of the fine-patterned reticle. +For exact 1:1! setup, the aimframe film is registered in the +printer gate and the printer camera and lens adjusted to +achieve that same coincidence of details, as seen through +the eyepiece. Focusing must be completed before the final +adjustment to the aimframe. It is convenient to incorporate +a focusing target in the aimframe. +The aimframe has validity only for the camera in which it was +made. It does not depend on the accuracy of the camera'a +reflex viewing eystem, only the stability of the eysten. +Whenever there is doubt about the validity of the aimfrane, +such as after a camera repair or because of wear to the filn, +the old aimframe can be registered in the printer gate, aimed +on, .and photographed to make a newly valid aimframe. + +For rotoscoping with primitive contrapLions, an aimframe may +be projected and drawn. This drawing is later used to aim +the camera (whose aimframe it was) when photographing the +rotoscoped drawings. + +Fo +6 +The 1:1 accuracy of optical printing with aimframe setups ie +limited by 1. the precision in the making and then in the use +of the aimnfraze, +2. the precision in the film registration mechanians +of camera and gate, +3. only if the two mechanieme are different, the +precision in the film dimensions (perforation +and alitting). +Btep contact printing, Buch 48 by bipacking in the optical printer +eamera, if & convenient method for making exact 1:1 reproductions. +It must give exposures which are exact 1:1, but there 18 then sone +shrinkage in processing. Optical printing with the ainfrane methoc +compensates for processing shrinkage. Shrinkage errore are too +apall to matter with simple printers. + +GAMEFRAME A atrip of identical frames, shot in the optical printer camera, +is cut in two and registered in both the printer gate (upright, +eanulgion away from lene) and the camera gate (ae it was shot). + +The coincidence of detaile of image and sameframe is viewed throug +an opening in the rear of a special pressure plate. ™~.90 (3 stops) 12.6 23 1A 30 +~.95 11.2 20.2 15 26 +™ 4,00: - 10 18 13 24 +ee ™1.05 8.91 16 12 21 +ad 1.10: - 7.94 14.2 19 19 | +1.15 7.08 12.7 2 17 | +. ™“1.20.-(4 stops) 6,31 11.4 3 15 +1.25 5.62 10.1 7 13 +~. ™1.30° 5.01 9 7 12 +13s 4,47 B 2 11 +“1. 40 3.98 7.2 G 9 +™ 1,45. *~ 3.55 6.4 5 3 5 +1.50 (5 stops) 3.15 5.7 4 7 . +~~ +2:00 + +16 + +IMAGE SUPERPOSITION In an overall combination of two images, the two + +can infuse each other as lightness or as darkness, + +or they can be slapped onto each other. There are + +three basic types of image superposition, named + +according to how they are made. + +Pictures A & B combined by... + +(1) Double exposure from positives. The print film +is eared twice, once from A's positive, once +from B's positive. + +(2) Double exposure fron mepetizes: The print film +Ts expose wice, once from A 8 negative, once +from B's negative. + +(3) Bipack. Two films, either A's and B's positives, +Or é6lee A's and B's negatives, are inserted +together in the printer gate. The print film +4s exposed once, from this pair. + +The print film is unspecified. It is in the final + +positive print that the three types of combination + +are compared, and they look very different. For + +B&W the differences can be described by how tones + +combine. + +With (t}, lightness dominates. Where one tone + +combines with another tone the result is nearly + +the lighter of the two tones. + +With (2), darkness dominates. The result ia nearly + +the darker of the two tones. + +———=> With (3), there is contrastification which complicates +the tone combination. If a bipack is examined ray +(unprinted) wherever both images are clear the bipaer +4a clear. Wherever either image is black the bipack +4s at least that black. Wherever both images are +black the bipack is doubly black. The bipack, whiob +appears dark, has a tonal range doubling that of the +single images. The bipack is wprintable in toto. + +To abstract a pioture from the unprintable bipack + +printing exposure is typically increased 1-4 atops. + +With 4 stops increase, where clear and black eoincide + +printe as a dark grey would—not 4 clear domination + +of either lightness or darkness. With 2 stops increase + +there is darkness domination. + +GaMMa ¢ BIPACK If the bipack is printed onto gamma $ material, to reduce +the contrast to normal, it is a true tonal blender, +without dowinance, of the two images. As the graphs below +show, the gamma # bipack ia the mean between the type (1) + +~ and type (2) double exposures. + +INCIDENTALLY A type (3) of a type (1) and a type (2) le just a type (3) + +again. + +r. a a +17 + +Four idealized graphs summarize the three basic types of + +superposition and the gamma # bipack. + +Example: 4 has density .75 and B has denaity 1.75 in one +place. From the first graph, the double exposure +from positives has density about 1.0 in that place. + +as Pous exfosup am Foss as BiPACK. (10 Come + +as Me de + +is ib fo] + +je ia + +cy - + +e + +5 = io LS ts a: Sg = he Lf wt as + +Ly Ltt L Pi 5 A ‘a 2 2 APPA L elie + += i wat + +ae Le + +‘ly \ WX | + +Fo x7 14 ie to as 85 e 2 4 20 oe + +For a double exposure it doesn’t matter which exposure is + +first, or what time separates the two. In some multi-head + +optical printers, using 4 bean-splitter, the two exposures +are simultaneous. Kither way, the two filma can be +independently adjusted for exposure, filtered, etc. + +For a bipack it doesn't matter which film ie in front. Also + +the two may be optically instead of mechanically bipacked. + +In some multi-head optical printers the films are in separate + +~gates, ones projection becoming the other's illumination. Ir + +a simple printer one film may be in the gate and the other in + +the camera, in front of the print film. Any Way, the two + +films ehare one exposure adjustment and filtration. + +18 +When filmwe will be physically bipacked they should firet +be wiped with a lubricating film cleaner. This ie good +practice for all optical printing when delicate originals +receive heavy handling. + +EXPOSURE COMPENSATION For superpositions from random pictorial originale: +For double exposures, the typical exposure adjustment +is one stop of decrease from normal, during each +exposure. + +With this adjustment a double exposure of +picture A with picture A ie the Bame as a +single normal exposure of A. +For bipacks there ie no recipe. Expoaure adjustment +ie extremely dependent on whioh tones coincide with +which. The adjustment is an increase from normal. +In ignorance of the originals (why?) and ignorance +of the intentions (why?) guess 2% stops increase. +No exposure adjustment can make a bipack of +picture A with picture A the same as picture +A printed the same. But a gamma $ bipack of +picture A with picture A is the same a6 picture . +SPECIAL ORIGINALS For superpositions not from random pictorial originals +tones might not combine at all. One image might fall +on the other's black, or clear, and exposure compensation +48 different, perhaps unnecessary. +With special, rigged, originale superposition is not +image combination in the earlier sense but image +apportionment -- implantings and supplantings. +The rulee of tone combination etill apply, but trivially, +and a eimpler logic prevails. +Double exposing from positives, where one image is +——_>> black the other image appears, unaffected by the doubie +exposure, Where one image is very light it appears, +hardly affected by the double exposure. +Double exposing from negatives, where one image (the +picture, not the film) ie clear the other image appears, +unaffected by the double exposure. +Bipacking, where one image is any even tone, the other +image appears, unaffected exoept for brightness. The +clear parts of one film are windowa for the other film. +But it is possible, with enough extra exposure, to +force one image through the blackened window of the other +The most extreme cases of rigged originals involve high +contrast masks, Gisoussed below. +TEXTURING In~a bipack, an image.of a plain white eurface, showing just += ite texture, imparte this texture to the other image. + +19 + +MULTI-EXPOBURE Triple, quadruple, etc. multiple exposures are made + +similarly to double exposures. If there would be 5 +exposurea from the same or nearly the same original, + +then each should receive 1/5 normal exposure. From + +Chart C, 1/5 of full shutter equals ND.70 compensation. + +eat lizely the originals are special, and the compensation +ess, + +MULTI-PAck Tripacks, quadripacks, etc. are unmanageable in simple optical + +printers. For suob effects intermediate prints must be made. +For example, to quadripack A,B,0,D make printed bipacks of + +A with B and C with Dand bipack these two printe. The order +of the originals doesn't matter. + +NATURAL SUPERPOSITION Of the three types only (1), the double exposure +from positives, corresponds to possible camera origina: +4n original double exposure made from two real scenes +la practically the same as a printer double exposure +made from positive images of the acenes. + +Type (2), the double exposure from negatives, ia + +an artifact of the "log linear" response of negative +films. + +Type (3), the bipack, is an artifact of the +transparency of film images, at least one of then. +Type (1) 16 nature's super. Preasing one eyeball +produces such superpositions. + +FLASHING Double exposing an image with no image -- sere light -- lightens +(or with colored light and color print filma, colors) the blacks +and darker tones while having little effect on middle tones +and even lese on lights. It is8 not a true method of contrast +reduction. + +Sepia toning can be simulated by both color flashing and color +filtering when printing B&W original onto color reversal print filr +A healthy yellow, magenta, or cyan flash when printing onto color +reversal film yields, respectively, the yellow, magenta, or cyan ~ +image, as if this dye layer were prised from the original film. +There ie no photographic method for unflashing a flashed image. +There is image addition (double exposure} and image pultipliocation +(Dipack) and even image division (bipack of positive with +negative), but no image subtraction. + +CONTRAST ADJUSTMENT Gammas add or subtract in a bipack, so bipacking + +can adjust contrast. A bipack (printed gamma 1 or +Viewed raw) of an original with its duplicate is +like a double contrast original.