NOTES ON OPTICAL PRIN1ER TECHNII:IUE
MaRnl flc4tlou
B]6rup. & Rod uo tloD
Blouup gharPlcs 6
Prl!ter LgDscE
Optlcel Zooo
LoDe Apc rturâ¬
Focusln6
Focuâ¬lug Apcrturc
Focuslq8 Prgc l8lou
Focu61n6 Ta rgâ¬t
Dâ¬pth ol Flcld
B616x Prl sE
Bol.x GroundSLas 6
Dâ¬fg cu!
x-Y Ad JuEtEeDt
ExAct I :1
t 10 frEEc
F raac I1n6I
buIBloD Po E 1t10!
Tlue
Fancy Frâ¬6zc
FaEcy g lot{
Dl ffqs c 16
LJV F llter
IR F lltor
Orec! Fllter
Flltcr Lo cat loD
Expo6urc
Erpoeur. Ad JUE t6 rg
Spcclfylng ExPosurt
F1ln Spâ¬cd
Rlght Expo Eure
oc!cratloDB
Bolfors Follula
Fad cE
Log F4dr
Bolex varlablc gbuttsr
Llnear Fadc
Other FadaE
1E
I
2
2ttt
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7II
8I
9
9
9
9
9
9
'tt
lltl
1ttt
r4
r4
14
't4
Fadrs
Chart
o r.1g 1DeI
[.utral DCnslty qDd
Eqqlvslcrt ghut tlr
AnBlq
14
15
IDaBa gup.rpo 81t1on
oaooa i Blpsck
IEcld rntally
Expggurc C gops! 6at 10n
speclal 0 r1g1lal !
Tox turlDg
!{ultl-Erposurc
Mul. tl- Pa c k
NEtural gupgrpo e 1tlotr
F Is Eh 1!6
Contra6t Ad Ju6tE6Dt
Color IEa6â¬ SuPrrPoEltlon
we16bt6d Doubl,c D(PoBur.8
016 !oLvc!
Ettocts DIEEoLvc6
Fad.s froD NcgetlY e
Cofor Erpo sura
T c6t1ng
CC Pack Rea uctl on
Hlgh Co!trsgt Prl nt I
HlcoD ExposuFs
coutra8t BullillEg gtâ¬pE
HlcoE Spccklc
Tonc I6o1at1on
Loglc of l,ta6E Coobln6tl oD
Ioaga gprcEd ald BlooE
Xalk and CouDtgrt4ll
RrYrrsal,/NaBatlYa Fl!t1DE
Fâ¬atbcred I'laol 6
Ioegc l{arrla8â¬
l{aEk Blackn 6 o6
HleoDE froo Color Orl81qal!
HlcoD ?r'oceEelng
oDtlcal PrlDted Rrlca6c PrlDt s
Ritual rDd Art
18
6
6
6I
I
9
9
9
9
r9
21
2l
21
22
25
25
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
to
10lo,l
t1

revlsec
NOTES ON OPIICAL PRINTER TECHNIQUE
DE{NIS COUZIN
Merch 198,
An optlc6l prlnter 1B a devlce for photoEraphlng the fralteE
of one flfd so ss to Eeke enother flLE.
II
It consl6ta e6seDtlall.y of e caEera (C) coDnected by a
bâ¬llovs (B) to a lenE (L) E,1Eed et a fl]E 1D a gete (O) lllw1nated
froE behlnd by a laEp (I).
fhe ceEer4 aDd gate each haye Eotorlzed lnterElttant f11E
Eoveoents so tbet any fraEâ¬ of thâ¬ rrorlglnal'r fllE ca! be
convenlentl.y pboto6rsphâ¬d oEto any fraEe of the rprlnt" fl18,
the caEera caE be a,! ordlDary clne caoâ¬re, 19s6 lts lâ¬Ds,
aEd tbe gate can be a.n ordlDary clDe prcJoctor, L.8B 1t8 1e!6.
fdeally they beve 1dentlcs1 Eystâ¬Es of fllE râ¬glBtratlo!, aB Lf
oqg eerlg the lens' IE8,Bo of thâ¬ oth.r. 
Ibe lcns c8u bc any
belLoHs Eountable lens. Ideslly 1t 18 8pcc1e1ly coproctcd for
the Boa1l end lear1y oqual 812e6 of th18 obJect aud loage.
Tbe caEere aDd thc lols ca! Ellde lDdepeEdeDtly to End f!'o
tbâ¬ flln BEte. thle adjuEts tbâ¬ EagnlflcBtlon aDd thâ¬ focu! of
tbo pbot ography.
II{AONIFICATION If thâ¬ lene 16 (loElnatlt) Eldray bâ¬tHâ¬oa tb. fllEs
rhe! oDâ¬ la fgculad on tb. otblr, thca tbr Ea8ulflcatloD
1s l. 
At lLl (ateo caLl.d l:t) thr rbolt ol tbc orlglDal
frale 1s pbotoS!'aphod at a 612. lrblch t111! tbG rholc
of thâ¬ p.lDt frâ¬Ec.
x=l
Il tba
cltl! 0 ra
to kâ¬â¬p
lcnB 1! Eoved
Eurt ba Eovad
tbe oDc llLB
clo ser tg tbe
back, ?antbâ¬r
focu6ed oD the
g4te, tbcD th.
ftlE th6 Satc'
othcr, Tb.! thc
Copyrlght @tgg: uy Dennle couzlD

2
larulflcatlou 1! 8!:att,ar tbaD l.
orirfnaf triEo ll PbologrrPb.d lt
vbofq ol th. prlDt trur.
It 
>l a part ol tb.
a !1zr tblcb flll. 
thr
H=5
Et/r
BLOIIJP & RIDUCIIOI
Il, ltartllg troB th. l;t !
tertblr tIlE th. EBtr' tb.D
Eovcd bacl, frrtbar lrroE tb
foculcd o! tba othcr. Thou
tbau l. lt t{<t tbt rbolc
obotoRraDhcd at a llza rbl ob
ii-ii3-"iiii i..t". rb! tualad.r ot th' DrlDt trsoo
ii iiirli'iiti-" 
piotoit"pu of tba sat'-rr lt lurrouDd!
tb. ort6lurl lrsDG (ld.ally P.rftctl:/ bracrr'
For .acb poattloa ot tb. 1cD! thrFc 1! 'ractly.oD'
'"ii.ili-t io"""id ) porrtroa for t'bc cglGra' But for
lili-ii.iiron of'tic oarrra (.tc.pt t'b' 1:l potltlon)
tuirr'a.c tYo oorn ct polltlols for t!' L'!!' 
(JD'
g1r.! X>1, th. oth.P ll<1.
tb. DrtDt.r Bat. llt hold 
tbc pFlDtcF
il".ii-i6i".-o" vtoi vur 
2 "tup ra
dfr-iiriGii inio u P4o 
' rhol'
;Ar- i;il.;- iitu ra x=i 
I 5!! or161E'1
iiii.'iiii"toit 
pr,.a oit 
' .ooaY'rlloD
iltri.i-.irv 
tr6 rirr gaugG! 1! polllblt tbl' ray'
orcvldril tlr frurl 
baYt tb' 't!t proportloDr' l!
6il, - *P.. 8lr, t 6ru, rnd 'o!' '5ll 'lo'
l t6EE Dlctur. of r ffoa
r 16lo ploturc of rD alaP
of aa 8on Dlotura ceDDot-
or a 16ll Dlctur. of a t6
fro! t!188a ln hrvlDg valt
blomD, aY.D lf lt Prtlarv'
oi tli-gE! ortElual' lpr'ail
i; i;;; "b";-;uioiut'riv tbr! t'h' orlslurl '
BLOIUP SEllPNEgS

PRIXTB LEISES
oPrrcaL zoox
Uudrr atlrlE. lagDlfloatloD -- a Etot'olcoDt-objtotlvc
i6rio ur iuc prtitcr 1.D! -- plctorlal datau 1!-tlltlu!.
i"a ttc uuarrivlDB Dalurel tb1n8' th. .!ulllo!' 
1! rll
iflit couta bo ;boaogrtpb.d lbtFply. But. thr--8rrlD! ar!
ioo ruaff to bl lhat?lt 1!e8.il rltb ll8bt' 
Hc.r' cv'D
iii niiurtr tblo6 h8; bccn pbo lo6rrpblcallt 'rbrult'd'
l5!! rld Projlctrd r1l'l
8!E orlglnal oPtlctllY
cd. lf th. bloruP optlc!
D tJl. t:l prlDtlDg 1! bt
,5t!. 
(lhl! l! rU dur
oci trlcc r! .b.rrp rDd
raac. )
1! la!! rcll-corractcd
A vGrv Bhsr? chQap pDlDtor lcD! 18 t'bc csnoD l{rct'ophoto
55oE i/2.8.
OaoEctltosllY thl! zooD o'tr
ii- liin-"io.- ro tbc orlSlnal
b. al."lEt. bt tr|c:lDg nos
b. lilcDtlorl to r zooa bad
DbotoRtrDbt. It orn aJ' tO
tb tlo-oritir ol tb. tru''
Plqtorlellt tb' toor 8o!! Fr?gl-:yrln8 t'hrt' lt rat
;;a-i;e- ii tac ort6tnrl PhotosrrPDv'
looD! '
lb. r'!tt rDd cout!' ot toorlDS' 1!-r frctoF of !tyl''
.i- ri-r" tn odElarl clD'!'to8r'pbt'

4
FocuslloPrlDtâ¬r'ocutlDFDFocc.lurol!dt''.I'!qtrt-dlf'.!cDtllgnl'lcrtloa
It t:l tbc c!'u.ia; not tbr lon!' l'' lovad.to! foculln8' ODU/
ii risnrrf crtloD!'6r''rt'r tbrD rbout l'4 1' lt b'ttcr to nov'
tha lasr ! for focu!1D8'
I.ar gb. ltt ..tup 1'a! lotlon hr! Do-foculllg atf'ct'- Iltb
iil- "-"o. flrri-in-ili i: l Porltton -1-m! notlou rdlult!
iiitiniitr"" ultiiti-tt"'it' i='i6 aua x=l 'o4 (at r/5'6)'
FocoErNo rp8luRr fti"r".ll.'ll ll: U;1":':i:i!.'{'31'[r]"1i3,i.'li:i:.. -,-,
r.os""-Iit-;"il-lia 
- t'lio iblft-focus bv s 9rr-rltabllrbrd
o r "t'to "i'ii io-ii itirne' rlr" n tutl6e- tectori 1' fornd ls
tll! i! 8tr '
FocUsI.BgPRECISIoNElp6c1allytacD'ocu!1n6lt,oPpattdom'foculDrDy
t'rt" "'iiiiuG i- zc i -eaa ict ei'avcnEsc Polltlon'
FoCU8INGI^RoEfUEcrbatavgrta!8a!13'ouDdo46l.}ttofocu.oE'
oo" c"utioii iu.-c'iiaet-il"t' !' 1! latg't drpcDdrDt'
vttv nol-iitJlition-tart'cts Dat - Pcqulrâ¬ itlftcr'! t
r"al" rtititt-ilan coargir tatB't! do'
DEPIH oF rIELD lt lDdlcatcil t/5'6
dcPtb of flrld for
!o rtlo cu! YhcB add
a llu8lc ?118 1r Po
ePorturcr altl at 1a
l! laEa'
rcr!.v, th.re lsn't a dlrtlEctloE b'tY!3D- RX
ili^-iri rlr-t-"i ror noat alv 1'Dt rbloh 1111 bâ¬
b.Uor! for oDtloaf PrllllDB'
BoLExoRoUNmL^gsoDl'lortbcbc8t,opilcalPrlDg.rl.!!.!'Ibloh1111
E'IJEA rr.rJulrlr'rr'ru 
;{i*ir:i,;::ii'inli-iioe'i tr*"{tl 3?3itH;;::iit*.
DIFocuB ro tbtos "+ F:8t out ol focua rlthout. ohaDglDE tl3 ilii'itlot.
iirottuc lt ltt' !ov' t'hr cettra 4 'llltlDoc
6i;i;;:' 
ln th' 'a!' dlrtctloD'
x-Y IDJUSTXEN! Bcrt'l'! lt! to 'D'l fro loY'E'Dt t'br 1'D! ba8 lrt'r3l
.ottttot"l' 
iitlt--tifitt' 
t'u9 polltloD of tlr oPlslDal
rr.'c'r rirei'ii-til'p-iiti-i"fu' ' Por 'tq'pl" 1l tbc
laD! t! rslltd r blt"'
BOLIX PRISI{ It T!A.t A
lan6!a aud
u6rd on a

glCT l:l
IIXFRAI{E
5
It l:l lovlDg tb! 1!!! up â¬, dlltlDo. d !et.c! thc yl|rlat
flald bt trlce d. Ltt.yt!. to! dom, rlgbt, a;d l.tt,. -
.lt X> I lat,oral tdJuat!.Dt cflcct. a roaD ot tbG orlgtDal
-tolo?: - Ihl! 1! Dot gco!.trlcrlly .quly!,l.Dt to r pa!,
bad lt b.c! radâ¬ lD tb. orlgtlsl pbdtognrDht
OD !rhpl. optlos,I prlDtatr! thr ouly latarel edlu!tEaDt
1l o! tbc l.as (ratbar thaD th! h.avlcr ctE.pe-or Eetâ¬).
Thls 1! gco!ctrlcellJr rdaquata
But tbc J-tr adjuatllDt! lrâ¬ !v.D loo tltoly for e lrD!.
M?fp!, 
art.r- tbcy 8t! sat, !o gâ¬ntlt ta! tbc lcna, eo
lt fbd6 a ltablr polltloE, ald thr! t6 râ¬adjult 1l
Darc!ltEry, rtc., atc,
fho Lataral EoyeEoata ot tbc lans, tba to-frg rovorcnta of
tba l!u-B aDd crErne, and a, tUtlng of tbc c4oora (1! ncccearry)
sllor thc optlcsl prLnter to bc tat tor cract t;t rcprroductloi,
fhoD_ tbâ¬ grlltrd lDe,go lE tbc !s!c !1zo 8Dd lD !b. ls,!! pollttoD
aâ¬ tha orl8lDEl 1Eag6, ff tbâ¬ prlnten facEs a tllt 
adJultDrDt
tbe oeEgra Esy bo rhlEEad.
ll Eprclal ftralr Ir Dadc to guldo thc .rrct llt lrtup. To Etta
4D nalDf.aEcn uBc tbo optlcil prlDlor carcr8 ( tbougl aot
D.caBlrnllJr rltb thc optlcal prlntrr t.u!) to pboto8repb e
tergct rhlcb 1r Epeclally dPar! to coDtrl! d.trl:,s arEctl.t'
colDcld1D6, eE !â¬r! tbrougb th6 clDola .lrcplcoo, yitb atctill!
perEanlDtly o! tha BrouDdgLrB!. lbc pbotograDb tadr rbl1c tbc
colDcltlelca 1E scaq 1! tjrr 8lEfruc.
DvorTr Brouadgla6a has !o[G parEaneDt dctall!, rvlD It oqty 1t!
tlar8. lbr llold .dg. 1! a poo!: cholcr ot datall lf tbc rclt
lE thlck or lf th! cyaplrcc 18 abcrntcd rt, tbr .dgc. tro
pollt! of dotall ara clough toF a rcll-rllgD.d DrlEtlF, tbr!.
polnt! for e luspact oDc.
I rgtlcl,o Dado on blgb Fsolutlo! fllE lat be attacbrd to thG
grouDdBI4EE to edd dctBlls. 6Da11 patt.rTs of coDcautrlc cltcl.!
eld othsr pettâ¬t!! vhlch lrlf-Eolr6 ars ldeal. lllo ths afutraae
ceD bâ¬ B D.gatl,vo o? the tlne-pattotred rctlctâ¬.
For axact l:l râ¬tupr tbâ¬ alEfraEr f1lo 16 nc8lstarcd 1! tbâ¬
prlltor gstc rDd tba prlDtâ¬r caElra aDd J,cD! adjultad to
rcblsva tbet laEa colEcldâ¬lcr of dctalls, a! secn tbtough
thr cy.placa. Focu3lDg Eu6t bc coDplctcd bsfo!.. tbc floel
adJuEtErDt to tbg alElraEc. It 1s coDyanlaDt to lncor?orate
a tocuelDE talEct ln tbo r1-olr4Ee.
lhe alDf!.aE6 ha6 valldlty oDly lor tbo caDâ¬.e tn vhtch tt y4E
Eads. It doss not depcnd oD the sccurBcy ot tbc c4Eerarg
pâ¬tlex vlcrlD8 syst6E, only tbe stablllt,y ot tbe systcE.
Hhelever thors ,.s doubt rbout tb. yalldr.ty of tbe alElraoe,
6ucb aE sltcr a caDg.a t'cpalr or becausc of rgsr to tho 111E,
the old rlEfra.tle can ba rcglstcr6d lD ihe prlntrr gttc, alaâ¬d
on, .Bnd photogt'aphâ¬d tg Eatc a DcalJr yal.ld alElraEc.
For rotoscdplDE rlth prlEltlvâ¬ contrapllouB, aD alDfraEe Eay
bo proJcctcd ald drarD. Thl! dt3rlag lE latâ¬r u8c/d to slE
thâ¬ csDera (vhoso alEfrEls lt ra!) rhcn pholographlng the
rotoEcopod d rsrln8!.

6
Tbe l:l accurBct ot opilcal prlutlDg rltb tl[treEe retups 1r
iiiriii 
ui-a: tie preilrtou tD tbs Daklus aDd t'beD lD tbr u!6
of tho alDfrs â¬'
2' tbe preclrlou lD !b6 lllE rgglBtratlgD E6cbaEt'aEE
ot cBEcra ald gstc '
:. oD1i ff tbâ¬ tY6 qecbaDlsEE aI.â¬ dlttat'ontr tb!
pi-"iliioo iD the fllE dtEoDElons ( prrtoratloD
rnd sllttlDg) '
Prlnt'ors '
up.
thâ¬ aaEetr4l!e Esthod does Pot eoqpoDeate lor pt'oc6eBlDg shrlDLaSâ¬'
FR$ItrLIXE8 It lha cqE'ra r'blob Ee'lâ¬
Eucb blgbor or I'orâ¬r tbB
tbc vâ¬rilcal ad Ju6tEeDt
alEfraEo sâ¬tuP' to co@Pc
ellt havc a YlrY tblck'
rrara6!d '
tb. fraDâ¬:'1Dcr ot tbs or18lDa1 oan.eltavs bo 't!'sllat'd
GroEtbco"i;;l;]Iit,iiit'uine6otlloailou6llgbtlyEt|latcr
tha! l''

7
EfULgION PoEIIION
A prlorl, r
ll8bt rry8.
X_otlca
oD tbc
Iotlcr
toclDg
rl Bbt
lFl
H
H
H
ll1D ol aD rlphsbct couLd ba aly oa thcla
fVe
D posMoD! arc ll.tohad tgflD'
trclEg tn rborD dott.d.
coITlCl PRIrI FRo}{
ctt{Ifi,l oRrorrAl
o-
G
o-
F
rtb
lacb lkâ¬tch shorE aDulElop tac1!8 out. FoF doublo
Dcrt flh tbara are oDlt four lay!. th. a rDd b rat!
bgcone tbc teE e.
CaEora orlgluet 1! IIIq.
A coDtact prbt frâ¬E ca.Eora oplglD4l 1! Ib.
I coutact DrlDt tFoE a coEt8ct Prtlt froE oalot.a
orlgLual l! IIIa a6e1!. Etc.
Itl tba otbcrs aFc !hae! -- .lth.F optlc!,l ptlutlug
crFon! or eI!c tllD! ol alphabat! loElbor Davarard.
ClvaD a doublc p.rforaicd I' lI' III' or Mt 
1s ailt
to Eake a doubl. pcrforatad opt,losl prlDt rblob ls
ary of th6 tour.
olagla poffatratlil t1I!8 rrc a DrlD ln t'ha !ldc. 
OIYQD,
for crarpl., IlIa, 1t le polllblc rllb a ulud optlca,l
prlutcr to !aI! .lthct lb. lI!' lIIr' 
oF IVr, but DoEc
of tbo otbar four, tbala could br lrdG vlr a doubl!
prrforatcd lltt.Iradlata' 
Ilt'b a pPld or othrP 1!!â¬.
rotetop, or r .pcolal rovoFlcd 8rta, lt 1! posllblc
to convort 8uy ot tlc al8bt rats to rly of tbc algbt layg
ttgurllg out hor to alo tba.a 1! a Sood cr.rclse for
tb. ltualsDt.
Th. t
tb1.
l"r-
lEl-
lP-
that rban Dt3trp.8 irtsal ttglti 
!1n81'a Parf! .la
loft, aDd lbrfotr: -11 rbot..
thrt c4!â¬!:. orlRlDd !ard. t{aht rlth 4lrllloD
lr.v. 
CoDtrot FrlDt, of oaEtra orl8lDrl r.aq'
rlth- rlullloD fr-clDE toretrit gha vlar.r.
Ifr
l
"l_
tvb

r IXE
FANC T
F,U|C r
DIIFUSIRA
I
tsc.pt yh.! optlcal pDlltlD8 1! do!. lD alllrlca vlth
ooDtact pnLDtlDS, lt ls ulurl, to lrlDtat! a!u:,!loD
porltloD !b raugb slI optloal prllt,tD8 !t!ps. Et3ltbr
rltb calcra orlglarl .rob Bon.ratlon 1! agalu IIIa. -
lor tbl! tb.ra 18 e llrplr rulc.
To trprcduca tba aEulEloD po.ltlo! ot th. or16turl,
lDsrrt lt ln tba prlDt.r 6rtr rlth aaulrlou rrrt
l!.o! lrEr, brad! up, ruDDlDB uprtr{.
Optlcrl prutlDg ilbreugh thr br!!r tlor! Dot d.gradr
L!a6â¬ qusl lty.
tb. optlcrl prlEtcr cr! rl,!o Islt.t. tbr coDtsot p!:lui!!,
lf th! orlglu.I 1! lD6cnt.d lu tba prlDtar gst. rlth
aEulaloq touar{ tha 1rE!.
Thc optlce] prlDtar Blvas 4s absolutc ooDtFol oylr lbe (Ior or fr,t!
ot tlDa e! th. godB could hEvc. But lt,rr Jurt a royla.
loturlly, tro lhlt.ttoD! 
o! optlc4l prlD!.r'thr 
rsElpulatlon rrc
thq BrelDy 6r.ouad ot lllr plcturas aDd tbc Eepr 24 trsEr! plr saeord,
sr aboE by tbrsa tro alaDplas.
FRI.EE A sln8l. !ra! r ol tha orl8lDrl Drlnt.d repcatadlt 18 a
trlozc fr8!c, 
UDfoptunatalJr tba ruaDlDg gralu pattalD
of thc o!.lglnal fn9cz.! rltb tha plcturc. tba plctulr
hBs 1o6t 1ts B!.ound. fbls caD bo avoldcd ll tblre erâ¬
ot lrelt thrc6 frad!! rlthout rotloD lD tbc ollgtnal, bt
allarlat.l,y prlutlDg eEoDg tho thnra.
SLOV to lloy EotloE to 1/1 gpced (aa 1r rcqulrcd rbaD 01161!.1
rhot rt lE3ps 1. to br lrdo lDto r 24!pa pFlDt) 1t 1! uruel
to prlDt cv.ry thltd fraE. tr1cc. IECDEICHI... bccolr!
^3CCDBFoHII.... . Tha lloro-friaz.r, 
JuEt iro tpr!.s loDg,
coElB6 re.rt 1/6 tccoad, lre pcrcâ¬lvld tbrc ugb tbclr !htti!.
Tbls oaD be eyoldcd by readorlzlD8 thr fp8!a! to b6 doubl.d
rhllc stlll 
oboollD8 oua fr.!! trrE .ach tbrra ot the orlBlDal.
For poorlJr alarlg!.d coadcllcr !y!t.!! r allffurlr rlll 
cvaD
tbo lllullurtloa ov.r tba fr.!c.
Othcr lhrD fo!. tbl!, dlffuE.p! aFc looatrtl llBctllrt.lt
bcblDd tb. orlgllcl llh to rltar Llrga qurlltt lD rorarrl
tetl:
l. ri.lducc thc lpporra,Dc. ot lorstobcr oa thc tlh 
baaa;
2. .oftlD tbr app.anDo! ol 6,!e18, rDd rlthout r.duobg
ralolutlon prF aa, rlducc abrlTBa!!;
). !.ctluoa tba appar.nt @Dtr3!t of &lf orlBlnaLs,
.pDroxhatlng thc toDrlltt lD coDtrot Drlltl!6.
Opal glaa!, l lora .rtreno dlffulrr lbaE 8roled8lllr' 1!
Eor. attact,lv. ln aacb of tb. thrca rrt!.
ln opel gtrlr or! r.auo. crpoluF! by 4 or .vc! lora rtoD!.
lD rccldaDtrl, or for.iottcD opal glrls can davaalrt! l! oxpotuFal

t'll 'ILTB
IR FILTB
.l fllt.r 
Hblcb rbsorb! tbc ultravlollt, 
auoh l! UraltsD 28
oF 2E LEprovc6 sbrt?Dcas rltb flEort q1l lc!!.s,
ll!o, prlDtlEg ooloP llln onto color tlIE, or B&l lllD oDlo
color lllE, tbrra 1! color r.aproductloa ady.utagr to ullDg
r W f1lt'c r.
goE. color rarstoot! hay! luch llltratloD butlt lD, loEr doDrt.
Evsn prlEtln8 color fllE oDto B&X flb tbâ¬rc ls tolal etlvantrg.
tourlngrIIvfllt6r.
I tllt.r 
r.bloh ablorb! (or rrtlcct!) tba lafran.d lrlps Euch
of tbc lltbt cD.ngy rblch rould bcat tb. orlBlDrl but Eot
coDtrlbutc to tbr photogrepby' olf th. orlgluil. 
fbl. llltrr
nutt b. locrtcd b.trc.! thc lup rDd th! orlSlDel.
PrlatlDB fodachroEe orlglaal oDto color llLE' th.rc 1! ool'on
r.produEtloD eilvut4Ec io uolng r lllicr 
rblch rttlcctE tbc
tsr nod (pa!t 6?Ou!) and D.ar lntrar'atl. PrlDtlDg othar oolor:
orlglnil! tbcr'6 18 color r.DroiluctloD d1ladvaDtrg. to usln8
e tIltcr (!uoh.s BrDy bcit flltlrE) 
rhlcb r.lota tbc tar rrd.
ORIEN rlt,tm. 
PrlltlE8 B&Y to B&t rltb r uo!-rpo cht'olatlc lctt!' I Srccn
flttor 
c6'D tlprovr shar?uo8s.
FMIR LOCITION fbc cpcctrel attcct of a tlltcr o! lbr pboto8rlphy l!
tba.aEo r.hcrovcr lt 1! loortcd bctr.cn tb. lup tDd
tbc ratltocl. 
Tbo optlceL atteot ot 4 llltcr c8D't ba
6ood' !o lt ou8bt to bc locatcd oD t}a l1lullEatton lltla
6f thc orlaturl rathor tbaD oD tha lDa8c-foroatloE sld..
(tbara, flauE LD fllter! 
8ro hat!l'!!!. 
I color fllt.r
rry cvâ¬u b! pcrloretcd to roducc lts atfcctlvr raturatloD. )
t[POgltRE ID oDtlcal prlntlng r! lD orlglDql photography' tb. crpoaun. 18
sdjultabl.,- a'ud e ueccerary coDsliloratloD. B'l t thcr. 18 s
dlltf.r.Doa. tb! Erturial ac
renBr' tttE the brlSbtolt
ttflact'tour ) to th. d$Ia8
ls lblt.d 
lD brlgbtuosE
rad tb. lerllu! daurltt ol
tl stoP reEgr for -lc colo!' raYlnlr1 flh!' 
but 9E1t rbout -
6 !top! for a lagstlYa orlBlarl.
tbr orpolure Drobf.[ 1u orlSl.ull pbotogFrlhy 1! to d'cltlc rtrt
portloi of tba lllanlc brlShtna8. ralgc to orptur' oD tha l1l!'
ibc crpoaurc pt'oblcn 1q opt,loel- D$utlug- 1! to dccld' hor to
crpturi on tba prlDt fllE tb! rbolc of tb! oF16lDal 1!i6t rrD6''
IXPOBITRI 
^DJUSTES 
SHUITB SPID I Yarlrblc .ttcod !oto!' or 8lrrln8 orD
Elyc r ?.y !top! of adjuttltut. 
EFvlty 1. ll.rltod bt
luartle. 
A llngla-fraEa lccballlE clDuot ba rrpcctad to
coDDl.tr r cyclc lD l.!! 
tha.u about .! lccoDd. glor
rulDln8 1! t&ILEltld, but cEullloD! Ellrtlpold to vart
- 
loDB .rposura!, 1o!1!g ap..d rDd EalulDg ooDtnrlt.

lo
Iltb th. ysrleblc Ehutter thc ahuttcr !P!ad (tho tLE!
tb. llght ltrtkc! r polDt lB the fralc) Day b. rdJultcd
elthougb tbo prbtcr caEâ¬la ruDo 4t, JuEt oDâ¬ sprcd.
Epo8uie caD bc adjulted oYaP lsveF4l .tops vlth tb.
vailable ahuttor. Brerltt 16 llDltld bt the shuttcr
Eâ¬cbaD1c6 r|hlch DuEt 81ve lqusl rvcD orlto.ur.B at tbc
sE41lâ¬st lhutt.r aD81â¬ s.
To cut erDosur.g by I stop u8lEg tbo varlabl9 Ehuttar'
hElvo the' Ebuttâ¬r- aDB1e. T! cut aDother ltop' halve
1t agaln.
Uslr1a thâ¬ vsrlable sbutt6r for gtposulc adJuaiEelt !Eka8
italeJ for tados or dls6olres lDcoDvclleDt.
LENS APERTURE Th18 1e a 8111t rey to adjust 6rpoBuF''
cbanEhR IaDE spsrturo cbaDSâ¬8 plctuPâ¬ qharpEes!.
Erceit ior llDe-crpoeunâ¬ adJultDeDts (tt stop) tbe
lâ¬o8'18 bâ¬st lâ¬tt at ltE sharpeBt opeDllg'
(Fgr exposure teBtlDS aDd otbrr dlrty lork' lcDg
ip.rturi 1s a baDdy -xpoeurc adJu6tâ¬r.)
LAXP VOLTACE lh16 le tbâ¬ cla6slcaf ray to adJuat
iioorur" tor B&U prlDt1D8. But lt lDtroducss color
cbancee. A160. Eodâ¬rD bafoScu laEps lo.â¬ 1lfo 4t
pnolSoeed lol volte8â¬8. Volta8â¬ adjurtDeDt 18 a
iractl6al Eeanâ¬ for llne rxposure adJustEent.
DrcDDlER thc voltaBs lOl reducc6 thâ¬ ltght sbout l
itoi'rlltc 
cbanglog th. color sbout cco5Y+cco2H.
PoLIRIZERS lro polarlzers' one rotatablc' 18 a cutc
r.ay to ad-lu6t cxpoeure. But EbGâ¬t polerlzrre 8ct
loi aud bive sboit llvc6 lD tbc optlcal prlEter.
oDlv ylpv rx99!slv! oDc! can EalltalD color aeutrElltt
oili. e t6 etdp adJuatoent t'aDgc' aDd lt 1' aad to
lry thee.
ND FILTBS tbâ¬sc 6rcy flltcrs irt thc p!'f6rrcd
vsy to edJult txpo 6una.
.rO ol Ncutral Dâ¬Dllty oquelE oDe 6top'
Naut!'a1 DoDsltt "aluos add e6 ftltcrs Brâ¬ 6tsck'd'
ii"i-i" 
tlp.io ilttcr * aD ND.20 llltcr + aD [D''0
iiii.. 
,o.t" lltc aD ND.60 flltcr' 
aatl th16 cutB
tbc llght ? Etopr. ftc.
.lo ot trcuit'sl llcDllty cqurl8 l/t t|"og'
I clcar Elar! o!: tlh Eay bc u!6d as aD ND'0t5 ll1tcr
tor tllrr 
arpoBuF! ed JultEcutl '
LoD6, St3tlcat ND flltqr! allor contlDuou! axposun'
ad J ustnaDt.

ND flltâ¬r8 of htghor valur bocoEe hot,tar aEd bavc
lborter llvca. ID e pacl ol ND llltcr8, lorâ¬F vs,lu6!
6hou1d Eo torad tbc taEp. PaEt ,60 lt Drtc8 llttlc
d 1ffâ¬rcDcc.
YrattcD #96 BelatlD ND llltcrs arc â¬rpen!lvo bocaus6
ot tbelr optlcal quallty' uaDccallsry rbtr! tbey erc
locatcd lu thâ¬ optloil PrlEt.r.
L6G tbeatrlcal trllal". ll2o9 ' #zto' rDd #2tt a!! Sood
lor ND.ro, ND.60, aDd ND'90 aDd coBt l,/tOo as lucb a!
frattc! E.
There Brr 8IEBB ND'6. botb ab6orptlvc
of 8r!st pamaDâ¬Dcâ¬. 1160, drv.lopld
halitous 6crcâ¬Da. atc. ca! bc u6â¬d B8
8PE! IFYINO EICPOSURE lbe taly varlabl.E o! â¬xpolurr lDcludci
FIIJ,( 9PIID
aDd
B&ti
ND
râ¬flcctlve,
f11E s, flD6
fl1te re .
l. the typâ¬ of orl8lEal tllE aDd lt! plctorlrl quelltlc
z. tne tfte ol prl;t fl1r (rDd 1f a leb ltoct lt!
batcb DuEbrr)
,. la8tlltloatlon
4. lcu. cpoPturo
5, dtllluEar (lt arY)
5. larp voltago
7. lbuttcr auE]o
8. uoD-nD flltratloD
aE v.Il a! 9. xD allirr8
l8l slal !..14t"d veluca rnc sprclrlltcd to or181D41-plcturr
titfoi."a 
tra Dot qultc apPFoprllt! to optlcal prlEttr
"""iitairorg. 
tts ialuca rr. btotlatlvc lor câ¬Eparllon
i'i'iGiiii- ist cii. ror !a!v pllDtlug turs lsA rud rclst''l
Yaluss arâ¬ ulalatlDsbla.
fbc optloel PPlDtcr r11l hava arpolur-c ltaDdard!-uDt'o ltltlt'
ieiciiiucc bi taltlag. olcr lt 1! kDorD bor to b'!t crpolc
;-;;;t G ori6inar oito r ccrt tD prrlt !lrr' 8909 "tirat'!
l.i-u" ".a. 16r r1lllrr ortglE l! or rlDlfar prlEt llh!'
RIcHTE)(Pogt,REtorkllElnrgvorâ¬althcrat!etcEptetloDtoIaDtthe
opiicel prfnt to ostcb thâ¬ orl81Dal'. R681!t th16
iitptatfi'af 
tou vEnt tbâ¬ optl'aL prlut tbat produco6
the bâ¬Et rcl'aEe P rlnt '
(Evâ¬n lf tbs optlcal prlnt Eust bâ¬-lntercut rltb th6
i-rrgrnet, -iio i["i th6 tvo Eust producâ¬ Datchlng tr]'6Eee
prlnt, 1t, 6J""";i ioifot thEt tile tro Eu6t Eatcb' snd
Lbey 6houldD't. )
Stdrtlng tt'oE rever
- 
optlcat Prlnt 13 t'Y
- 
than th6 or181Da1'
' 
Thd bâ¬st rever6al o
And so on'

12
Startlng fI.o& ne8et1v6 caEera
prlnt has sooe dâ¬nslty ln the
lntemâ¬gatlve 1E a little 
dar
.A lurther lnterpo 61tlve rould
OE{ER4TIONS
OaEoas oultlply. 
For exaEple, a EaEla
onlo gaErla 2 stock râ¬eeDbLeE a gE;Ea ,
1.5 ort8lnaL Drlntâ¬d
o rlElnal .
pttcel prlntlng a cher.n of
nglng plcture contrest,
leverael atock6. 7241 ls d
PXX end 7151 6re SaEEe I B&H
Ea I B&W ne8atlve stock.
For B&W negatlve there. 1s the optlon of altematlng BaEre6
above end betoF 1 -- ?t6d ylrh i.nri i.l-a,ia'i5ji"irtr, 
g.r""
.7 -- and Eultlpty out to t. 
-
I'herâ¬ at'e Eo avallablâ¬ râ¬vâ¬!.aal ltocks rlth garEa less tbaD l.
FoP col.or râ¬verlal ECO, uDtll
favorltâ¬ gaEEa I caler; 6tock
cl4s!1cal prlttln8 scbâ¬ec. XC
pos6lbly bâ¬ttor !cbaEo. tror o
be oD h16her' BsrDa stoct, 
Ng
thrt ady4ntagc. Hlgh.r ga!D8
18 a prlltlDg lchrEo. For tbl
oa 7199. Orl8lDal f,odacbraDâ¬
7199 stock El8bâ¬heve6 rlth ex!,oauF ttles long.r tbau about
.l gâ¬coDd.
For B&ti revâ¬raaL pXR--pXR_ _pXR__etc. 1e the clesBlcal p.tDtlDg
acheoe. py,R--7161__7161_ _â¬ rc. 1_6 " "irrii",'-"iiiiiii u.tt".
sch6Ee. For e4cb, unloss al, opsr dlii;;;;'i"-;;B;"t;" 
effccttvâ¬
BaEea ls Duch greateF tben l. 
-
24]--ctc. 1E tbe classtcal
ThG shortcut ach6Ee fop color ne8ettve ECN__CRI__CRI__e !c.
coEprl ses oDly ploturc Ds8stl"e6;
For El&l Dcgatlve tbere ls a, lbortcut !ch.Ec Bt __Z16t__?r6t__Gtc
Tonal d6gradatlon roEetlDgs coDfu6gd rlth coDtre6t lncreas!
Eey bo duc to DIBâ¬xpo6ure, or to lEpo881b1e lxposure (ar rhcD
tFe prlnt.tllE lacks-tbe orposu!'e ran8e to hindlo the dsDeltt
raDge of ths orl61Ds,1). Tbon plcture la1l6 oD too or 6bould;r
and 1s tlnally coEpre!Bad.

tt
Thr.ough-gener8tloDs gralnlness eeul-addE. Thc graln of the
orl8lDa1 ls ln pant addâ¬d to thâ¬ Braln of ths pr,lDt etock.
The prlnt oey thus look lâ¬8s eralny tban the oilglDal, or
EoFe Eralny, gr JuEt dlllorently gralrry.
Through generatlons sharpnâ¬EB dlE1n1sbee. The unEharpnâ¬ss ol
thr or161na1 JolDs tbâ¬ unsharpnâ¬sa of thc 1eE6 and th; unsharp-
tre8s ol the p.lDt stock, 1E th6 prlDt. ShaFpnâ¬ss oay bâ¬
booEtâ¬d, borever, by boostlng contrast.
Optlcsl prlntllg rlth ttte best 16n8â¬s onto râ¬latlyâ¬ly thtck
â¬EuLsloD prlnt f1lEE aey be 6harper tha,D contact prlnt1ng.
OeDeralLy optlcal prlntlng lsn't aâ¬ 6harp.
Plcturo degradatlon lroE 6eDeratloD to geDeratlgn could be
arolded by EBklnB tho plcturce vâ¬ry 1en3e, or by d18lta11z1Dg
the!. But 1n thle oedlnE th6 orlglnsl, lntcruedlatc, aDd
flDa1 plctures are all of thg Eeoe Blze, EBde 1D B1E1la,r rays,
of e1E11er Eatcrlals. Be6ldeB the practlcal ccgDoEy, thâ¬re
1s conceptual cconoEy 1n th16. Intultlons tranEfer â¬aslly
froo onâ¬ forEally ElElLar plcture phaEe to enothâ¬r. Thue
oaklng the 6â¬neratlgn6 the s4Ee Ea,keE tbe! dlltâ¬rent. Tbls
LB the parsdox, or thâ¬ folly, ol optlcal prlntlD8.
D(poru.e Day cbrng. rlib EagtliflcdtloD. .l .bellor!
fomulrn rorls tgr lort prlDtor Lansor t,nd Eott tliuElDe.itot
rjrstrD !. It prgscrlbâ¬8...
BE,.I,OTS TOR{ULI
EagD l tl catloD
u=.1t
tL.r8
8.25
k,t5
b.x
u=,71
EI
tLt.4
k2
t&2.8
lL4
x:5,T
x=8
cottpaDsatloD
cdd nD,50
add ND.46
tdil HI).4r
add llD. ]f
rdd tlD.25
ldd trD. 14
DOrlAI
ralovo xD. l5
lsnorq xD. )5
tlEovc lID.56
roov. XD.8O
P.6ov. NDI .04
raEov. lqDI .rl
Blat "1 .fiipcr f, e tO
Plctur!! lltc tblng! tail. ln EaDt rat!. 
BrlgbtD.lr !rd.! r!:.
Brrdual arpoluFe chrDga! lcadlng to black, oi, starllDg fr"oE bl.ct
lretllEg-lo nomal rrpo aurc.
to f.da ou! rl'tb r poaltlv. orl61Er1. arDoluFr 1! d.cF.al'd' 'lth'r
hv ritatlDr !D ftlt.ri 
to tho uorirl Drct aF blr olorlDg th. !buti'F'
i6rJ ioi llch rnuc. rh.n tb. rD adar.it l! aolrYbrt atlFEcr thr!
tui ufiof ol th. orlglDrl' tht! couDt. lr .rpolutt outoff'
F.lDTII

LOO FADE
LINIAR FADE
orBE rlDrS
14
fo f4d. out rltb a nagrtlva orl8lDql' rltb thr laDc cff.ct,
.rposurc 1. lDcrae!â¬d, by lubtrectl!8 XD flltars frgE tbr Dot!61
pack, !o!. Eorg lrch frala. IhrD tha llD 6ubtnsotgd ls .oocvbAt
darler tbaD ihc blrck of thr ot'191!41' thl! couDt. as axpolur.
cutotf. tbla frdo 1! lEposslblr Ylthout an sbund.nt râ¬!!rvâ¬ o?
pnlat.r lllu[lnattoE. 
fb. Dorrsl p4ct oust ooDtah anougb f,D tor
tba rrlova]. lu altcrnatlvc la dlrou6scd b.Ioy sftar dl!.ol,v6!.
I f.dclD ls thc allpL! F.vorsc ol a fad.out.
Tbr tradltloDrl fadc l! Eadr tFoE ! polltlyo aad 1! logarlthllo.
Iltb ND llltcrs. 
log frdrout ls Ead. by rddlEg cacb rrl trEEc
s, c.rtalD llouDt lore ND, Xltb t.oyerlal orlBlDal, t,Oo sdd.d
a,bout coEpl,otcs tbe tedcout. For crllplr' a JO fraE. log
fadeout ls E6d! by addlng ..10 ol XD .ecb fraE!.
For qyGry llD vrl,uc tb.cr! 1. .n oqulvalcut lbutigr augle. Cbart
C bâ¬lor lhor8 thc aqulyal.nca8 ald 1! ritrptabl6 to aqt rbuttcr'
A yarlBbl! lbuttor could bc celllbratrd ln botb dagr.c! rDd
NDr!. But tovard tbc bottoE ot Chsrt C thc lEBu]lr .attl!â¬l
ert too cloEe for ordlDatT Yarlablr lhutiar!. 
Lo!8 @ooth
lo8 tadâ¬s froE r.vcr:lsl orlll'Dal aF dlltlcult rltb Yarlabl.c
sbutt,â¬ra. Horâ¬var, troE lDtcrpo6ltlve o!181Dal a fad. 16
flDlsb.d st about l{Dl .5o, qvol'dl!8 tbr dlffloulty.
BOLE( VIRIABII SHUTTER lltbougb lt 1! EarE.d lD !top8, lt ls gonfl8uttd
for aERulEr calllbretloD. OpqD 1! lrO"' Just
croria-rs oo. xtar"y la 55o. Pcrccotegc o!
full ceD bc subltltutctl tor d.8FraE. FlDe
calllbrEtlon lhould uot bc rttcEpt.d for thcro
18 PlaY lD tbc Eacbanlgo.
Th! ltncar fedaout, coDpaned rltb tb. LoB ladrout ot iba
laEs 1su6tb, !tsr:t! dorar eDd tlB1!h.s ls!t!r.
tlth s varlabl. thuttar a llDoar fadlrout tt![ . polltlvo
orlglDal 18 Eedc by Eubtrectla8 racb Drr frrlo a cartrlD
aDRlt. Fon llEpllcltt, 
tskc a llDâ¬ar tadcout to ba oorpllt.
at-Oe. For cre,lplc, rlib a l8O' lbutt.r c JO treoa llnrar
taal c chaD8r! 5v aob freue.
ID llltarg caD br ut.d to lalc a l'lDcer tadc' lbc fad.
lt plranrd as 1l for I Yrrl!,blc lhuttcr aDd tbc! XD
.qulvrlcDt! art fouDd lD Chsrt C.
tDv rltdurl irrDllttoD brtrâ¬au full crDgluFa aEd black
1r-ri oxDorum fsde. Tbc nloof", and ptttap! t'b! 'lcralngnr
of r frd- itcDlEd! oa bor tbc arDoaur. cbaaSa! rlth tht lrr|.!.
flDIS III ORIOINAL I fetl. E.d. fro! a !c.ar I'ool! dlEtlactly dltf'rrDt
froE oDa nada froq a llh 
lEagc ot thc !c'Do ll tba
lo.E. coDtalDa brlBbt h18h11gbts. Iadr fro! tho !ccD''
tb. h1Eb118bt! cblnc ol ibru thc FErludcr ot tbc !c'na
- 
1! pre6ttcltry blrcl. 
l{ail c ft'oD th. flh' 
thc b18h1l8ht!
lo.liov th! otf,cr t18ht part'r ot tbc Plcturt'

l)
-,i:ti c 
NEU-TR;L DD{SITY AND EIUIVALEIT SIiUTTR ANGLE
NEUTR-A L
DE{S I TY
o. 00
.05
. to
.15
.2C
.10
.45
.50
.60
. o5
.70
.90
t.00
I .05
l.l0
1.t5
1 .25
1 .1o
1 .15
.40
.45
.50
.55
.60
PECE.IT
OF FULL
SHUTTB,
DE}REES
FOR t 7Oo
SHU TTER
DEOREES
FOR 
O
SHU TT ER
1 .65
1-7o
1.75
I ool
89 .11
79.4/
70 .8fr
61.1/
56 .24
50 .|f,
44.?f,
te.8/
55.5f,
6.51 .4
5.62fr
5.o1fr
4.47fl
J.98ft
,58i4
.41f,
.26fr
.121
.ooft
,89'tf,
.794*
.?01fl
.1781
.158/
.141 .4,
?oo
520
,50
o70
960
ii.
680
6oo
540
4eo
lro
i6o
t49
10"
24o
21 .40
t9.to
1? no
15.2o
13.50
t2.oo
to.7o
i' io
6.8"
6. oo
5.40
4.80
4.50
1.80
i'.32
2, 40
2,144
.cto
;^o
.520
.tsl
.20v
.960
aEO
.7 6"
.6g0
.600
.540
.18o
. Lto
. tgo
,f40
.loo
.2P
.2tP
1 .80
1.85
1 .90
1.95
2,00
2.O5
2. r0
2. 15
2.20
2.25
2.to
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.60
?.65
2.80
2.85

Squlvalcnt Shutter Ogenlnes
I of FUII Shuttcr
1oo
89.1
79 .4
70.a
13 .1
56.2
50.1
39.8
35.5
22.4
20
15.8
14.1
L2.6
11.2
10
4.91
7.91
7.O8
6,31
4.62
5. O1
3.16
18oo
180
1AO
743
r27
LI4
101
90
ao
72
a7
51
ao
36
32
29
25
23
20.2
18
14.2
t2.7
lt.4
r0.1
I
B
7.2
6.4
1300
130
115
143
92
a2
73
65
52
33
29
26
23
n
18
16
15
13
L2
10
l
..R.icr to :trs c.art .rhcn .Lannine tln.ar i-a d.3 3n.l .ttssolrc!.+
12ffl. r
\ \P 
.1o.. .
	.rr
. 	.2o., (4 stops )
.35
''!1.40
-	,os.
1.50 (5 stoDs)
+N.D.
.oo
-05
.10
-.3O (1 stop )
r.40'
s .50. .
- .60. (2 stops)
-.65
r.7O '
\80,
\.9O 
(3 6tops )
-. q5
\ t ,oo.
	 ro5
209
I4A
132
117
105
94'
53
A2
37
33
30
24
2t
1_o
I1
15
13
!2
11
3
Sroo

t6
IX.AOE SI'PIRPOEITI ON
In 8D oeanall coEblnstloD ot tyo lEaga8, tbr tuo
can lEfusc rach otbcF r! ll8btDosE or aa da!.k!.!g,
or tb.y can b! slopprd ontg oEcb otbor. Tb.ta sFa
tbraâ¬ baElc type6 of ltago ruporposltloD' naDtd
sccortllug to hor thot ana Dsdt.
Plcturr8 I & B coDblDcd by...
(l) Doublc .xDosurc ft'oE Dosltlva!. Tho prllt lllE
' ' 
-a 
expol?FIETEc, o-i'cE-r:-i&T! po8Mve, oncc
lroE B'6 po sltlvc '
(21 Doub16 .roo.ur6 t!â¬E lgFatlvc!. lhc DrlDt fl]E
1r axgolad tllce, oDca ft.oE A'8 Dogatlvâ¬r oEco
lrgE BrB Drgattva.
(f) BlDeck. Ire flfE8, cltbâ¬P lrg end B'i poeltlv.8'
'-' 6-r-il?s a'! eDd B's Dc8&t1vr6' arâ¬ luEortâ¬d
toBetbcr lD tho prlntar 8atc. tbâ¬ prlut !11E
1! orposcd oDca' fror thls Palr.
lb. prlnt fllE 16 uDlpeclflrd. It 1. lE tb. flnal
poalllvc Dr1!t tbrt thc thltr tfpr! of coablDatloD
ir. coope'."d, e,nd tbcy lool vcPy dlff.Fut. 
For
8&H tb. dlltcrclce6 caD b. dâ¬scr1b.d by boli to!c8
cgD b1Dr.
urtb (l)r ll8btn.ss doElDsta!. lbcr. oDo toDt
coDblDaâ¬ yltb aDotbc. tolc tbs Flsult l! Drarly
tha ll8htor of tbc lro t'oDc8.
Ulth (2), deFlnr6a doEluatca' fhc rclult 1! Dearly
tha darkor of tbr tro tonâ¬s.
r tfp. (f) ot e typr (l) !!d r typr (2) 1. Jur! r tvpo (])
.grlD.
flth (r), tb.r. lE contrirltl?loattoD rblcb ooDplloata!
gba toDa colblDallo!. If r blPrcl 1! ax.!lE.d r.l
(uDprlDtcd) rh.reY.F bolh LEaB.! art clair tbr btDral
ir ilcrr. 
Uh.râ¬v.r rlth.r 1!s8â¬ 16 blacl tbc blp.c[
1! st loalt tbrt blact. utcrrYar botb 1!36at arc
bleck !h. blPect 1r doubly blrcl' 
lb. blPrcE' rilob
ioorrrr itant' bs! a toEal ra!B' doubllng tb'! or tbr
riirglc l|egci. Tb. blpac: 1! ulprlDtabl. lD tot'o.
To rbltt3ot r plotur. fro! tb. uDprhtrblc blPrct
;;!rai"6 -xpoairrc 1! ttploally lDorcrs.d- l-l ltoP!'
litu + itopi lncrcarc,'ihcro clcu .Dd blaoE colucld'
prlEt! r! I darl Erry rould-Doi a ol.rr dollDltloE
ii oftlcr llghtDr;! 6r darkncaa. flth 2 !top! lncr'l!'
thar. 1. alsrkDQ!t dgElqatlon.
Il tba blprct 1! prlntld oDto glDEa t r.tcrlrl''.to 
roduo'
ilc ooutrirt io DbFrl' 1t 1! r truâ¬ toDal blcndlr'
rltboua dollD&cc, o! iha tto LEa8.!. lr tba 8r8pb! b'lol
iiJi, -iu.- s"tt^-i'bipaor 1! th. !-rn bctrccn tbc t'ypo (t)
rDd tlrpc (2) doublc atPolur.l.
o^flr l BIPICE
r^rctDdllt LY

17
Four ldoallzcd Erepb! luEDarlzc tbe tbtlc. bsllc ttpcE o!
suprrpo!ltloD and tba 6a!Ds t blpact.
Ersrplâ¬ | .l bas d.D3ltt .75 rDd B ba6 drEalty l.?5 lD oDâ¬
plac.. FDon tbr tlrlt 
grepbr lha doublc arposuro
troE polltlve8 bsâ¬ dcEllit rbout l.o 1n tbet plec6.
9.rraI'ft.
q
For a doubla crpolut! lt docsa't DBtlcr rblcb rxpo 8urâ¬ 1'
iir.i' 
or tlrt ilnc lcparatâ¬6 thr tro. ID !oE' Dultl-h'ed
oDllc;l Drlntar!, u!1!B r b.lr-tpl'lttrr' 
tb. tro 'xporulrl!
e'rc clnuitrnrou!. fltb.r rEy' tbc tro l1l'!! crn ba
ladcpcudcotly tdJu!t.d tor axpo.ure, fllt.rcil' 
'tc'
For a blDich lt doaln't Eattar rblch fllE 1! lD froDt' l1!o
iil i"" -iti-ui 
- opi rcarr v lDst.ad ot D!chaDlcallt blprckcd'
ii-"Jii rri ti:uiio -optiiar pFlot.rs tb. flra!-arc.1u.laparrt'
.iitr"l-o"""-p"ojcctriu uccoilrg tbc otbrrr' 11lu!1!4tlon' IE
E-iitifi-p.ritt'.i onc flln nii 5o rn tbc 6rtc and tb.c othcr lD
ir,"-r[i.{l-ir 
iront or thc irln! frln. ^tny rsy' thc tuo
f11n! !b8t; onc sxposuro adJultErEt rnd flltt'atloD '

SPEC I.TL ORIOINALS
t6
lhen f11u6 vltl 
be phy6lcslly blpeckod thâ¬y should llrBt
bâ¬ r{1p6d rlth a lubrlcatlnS lllo cleaner. Tbls ts good
practlcc for all optlcal prl!tlEg rho! dcllcat. o11B1E6l,6
r6cclro bsavy baldllDg,
E(I'OSURE COI{P!!|SATION For 8upc4o61t1on6 troD raDdoE plctor1a1 orl8lDalâ¬:
For doublc oxposuFgs, tbâ¬ ttplcal cxpoauro adJu.tErDt
18 oDâ¬ Etgp ot dccreasc troE DoEal, durlD8 cach
orpo aurâ¬.
Ylth ih16 adJuctDsDt a doublâ¬ 6xpoBur6 of
plctur t eltb plcturâ¬ A 18 the Ea!â¬ 8a a
!1D81e !or:!a1 exPo6urâ¬ ot A'
For blpac!6 tbcre 16 Eo râ¬o1pc. Dxposurâ¬ adJu6tEâ¬lt
18 â¬xtreEcly dcPsDdâ¬Dt gD Yhlob toD9. colDcldâ¬ llth
rblch. Tbo-sdJustEent 1s aD llcraasc troD Dot'D8l.
In lRnoraDco oi tbc orlalDels (rbt?) aBd l8Dor4lca
of ttc lDtcDtloDs (thy?l 8ur!6 21 6topE lucrra!!.
Ho .rpoaure adJustDoEt caD Egke a blpEck o?
plcture I Hltb plcturâ¬ A tb. .8Ee-rE p1cturu
i prlatsd tbc 6s.De. But a 6aDEe f blpscl-ot
plature A rlth plcturâ¬ A 1! tbo saEc a6 plciuro r
For supâ¬rposltloDe not trgE raDdoE plctorlsl or1glnal!
toE6s ;l8it lot cooblle at alt. 
One lEage !18bt lall
on the oiber'a black' or clâ¬ar, eBd â¬xpgaure coDpeDsatlon
1E dlffct.glt, porh8ps UEDC câ¬ 6 aerlr.
ltb 3pâ¬c1el' r16ged, orlglDals supâ¬rpo61t1on 18 not
laaB6 coEblDatlon tD the carl16!' 6â¬naâ¬ but lEaEo
apportloDEcDt -- lEpleltlngs aDd 8upp1aDtlnge.
Ibo r.ules ot ioD. coEblaetlon stlll epply, but trlvlally'
ead a alEplâ¬r toglc prcYall!.
Doubl. .rpolllg fror polltlvâ¬8, rh.rt ole llagc 1! . -
blrct the-othâ¬; brBc lPpclr!' uDatlrctcd bt tbr doublc
crDoauF!. fbar. oDG 1D8gc 1! v.ry 118bt lt appaar!'
hrtitly affactcd bt tbâ¬ doublr cxpoluF!.
Doubl. cxDo!1DB troE n.gatlvrs. rb.rc oro llrgc (tbo
ploturc, iot thc tUE) l! c1.ar tbc otbor llaga rpp.ar!'
uDsftcctril by tbr iloubl. .xpo!ur!.
a drt avcD tono, tba othrr
o.pt for brl8htDc.!. Iht
rlndor! for th. otbtr tllB.
Bh axtra arDoluFr, to
laclcscd YlDdor ot tb. otb.r
Thc rost.rtralo crlar of rt8gcd or181aa1! llYolra h18b
contrrlt Dr!l!' alaou!!.d balol.
IETN'RIUO
tD.. blD8cl. r! baBc,of a plalD vbllr aurtac!' , lhorlB8 Jult
itr trriurc, llprrta tbl! tutur. to tbe ot'b'n 1!a8r'

r9
XIJLTI-DCOBURE TrlpLc, quadruplc, rtc. Dul!r,pla .xpo!u!!a ar. !4d6
llEllenl,y to doubl! !rpo!unr!. ft tblFc rould br 5
axpolup!! lroD thâ¬ !s!c or.Dcarl,y tb. a6!r orlglDrl,
tbcD cach alould Fcalva l/5 nonal crpoaurc. FIla
Cbart C, t/5 ot trJiL lbuttrr rquatB ID:?O colp.Dlattou.
Xono lllclt 
tba ortguals ar.â¬ lpeclal, aDd thr oo[paDlatlou
leac.
HULTI-PlCf, Inlpacl!, quadrlpacl!, ctc. rn! u!.88!48rabl! lD stlpLr oDtlcrl
prlDtars. lor luoh .tfrct! lDtcFedlEt! prlDts Eust be tad6.
For .taupla, io qua,dplpack ArB,OrD Eat. pt'lntâ¬d blprckB of
.t rltb B aDd C rltb'I'-aEd blpact tbalc tro prhts. lb. ot{cr
of tha o116lDa]! dor!Drt rattcr.
lluRl! BUPERPOSITIoN Of tbs tbr.a type8 ouly (l), tha doubl! cxposurr
tro! posltlvaq corFaapgDdE to Do6!1b1. calar4 or181ua:
AD orl8lDal doubfr arpoEura lsdr tro! tyo rlal acaaGs
1! prrctlce]ly tbo sa!. 8s r prlrtrr doubla lrpolunc
lrdc tlo8 posltlvc 1Ea8!8 of thc !ccn!!.
Typs (2), th! doubla cxposun froE Dagatlvor' le
aa rrtltsct ot thr 'rlog llnrarn na6poDlc ot ur8itlvr
ll}[ !.
Itpâ¬ (t), thr blp4ck, l8 au artltrct ol tbc
traDspa.cDclr of flIE lDagr!, st lra6t oEe of tbaE.
Typo (l) ls Daturers auprr. Prtsrllg olrâ¬ rtrball
prcalucar lucb luparpo!1tlon!.
FLISHINO Doubl. "rposlDg aD larga vlth Do L!r8. -- .otrc llght -- ll8htrDo
(or rtth coLo!.aal 1lgbt aBd colo! prlEt fll!, 
color6) tbc blael!
!,!d derlrr toac! rtll! bivllg llttlr 
ctfact oD Elddlc touc!
cDd rvrn lc!! oD ll8bt!. 
It, 1! lrot a truc ratbod ot coDtralt
ratl uc t1o!.
Scpla tonlDg caD be llnulrtcd bt both color flashh8 lnd color
f llterlng rhcn prhtlDg B&U orlglDel onto colot' lovsr6el prlDt !11!
A b.sltby yrLlor' E4Sonta' or cJratr tl'rlb rh.n prlDtlng olto color
t'avellal fll! ylctd!, ralpactlv.ly, tho ycllor, Eegcata' or cyaD
18a6., a! lf thls dtr :,4!râ¬r rqc prlsqd froD tbâ¬ orl8lDal t114.
lb.rr 1! Do pbotogrrpblc rotbod lor uDtla8hlng 8 fL3!h.d tErg..
fhcrr ls bag. rddltlo! (doubl,. arpo!unr) aDal lrag! lultlpllostloD
(blpsol) rld .r.n lEagâ¬ dlyl.loD (blpasE o! Do!t!lv! rlth
Dogatlve), but Do hage rubtr:8ctloa.
gof,tRlst IDJUSII(E{! Olqrr! .dd or rubtrrot lD . blD.cl. .o blDrctlug
ca! rdlult ooEtFr.i. I blDaot (DrlDt.d 8r!!4 t otr
yl.r.d rlr) of rD orl8llal rlth lt! ilupllcrt. l.
lltc r iloubla oo!trr!! ort8lErl. /l blDaol of aD
orlEual rltb ltl lor ooDlr8lt Drgatltr l. 11lr
- 
a dirtcuod raduc.il coDtrslt orl81na1.
'fhc blprcl ol eD ot181Dr1 rlth lt! ts18b coDtrilt
B.gatlic ta llt. r Sabattlar lolrrlzrtloDl

co',oR lx.roE gu?ERrosrrroN
.20
lh.ro arc tbâ¬ aart thrga ballc ttpas.
Doublc axpo!ura t!9o po!ltlvre gtvr! raldltlrt
oolor rlrtura.
Blprok 1!g
tlxtuPg.
glYâ¬ 6
( Ybea !o-callod subtnactlvr oolo r
blprckl!g co:.or Dâ¬Eitlv.. tb.
YIIOHIIO DOUBLI TPOSURES
rxtr8 ota,D8s ralE lbould ba ErutPsllzâ¬d by
fl1!.FlDg. )
Doublc expo!ure tt'oD ulgatlvo! 8lvo6 loDothlrg
.Lar.
For Sret! lD tbe tro loagr.' coEbluatloD l!
rr ?or il&H. But for color6, Dot oulJr rrr Drr
colors p!'oduq.d but epparcnt bPlShtDc!.cE do
Dot colblD. qult,c thc !8!. a! tor 8+H.
tb. dt.r lD tFatt!! CC tutlr! 
Y'I'C ar.
s1!11;r to tbo!. lD color t11E!. Fll! colorg
ca! b. slDulat.d by pscks ot tbaBc tlltrr! 
sDd
ruch caD bs ltemcd about fllE color [4DlpulatloD
lroD tallllarlty 
rlth tb. flltar! 
cDtl tbclr
coEblDatloEB.
EraEplr l: IEEEâ¬ I ls orenga (cczoOI+CClOOlt)
- 
Ioegc E 16 bluâ¬ (CC!OOX+CC2OOo)
Doubl. axpoguPo trgE Do6ltlvâ¬8 ElYa! a rrlpbcrrt
coloi ( ccTox+rD.lo )
Doublc lrpo!ut! ftgE Dc8atlv.! 8lYae a. lalrly dart
gr.yl!h Br.rn ( CCToI+CC?Oo+NDI .OO)
Brpaci, illb i rtop crpocurc coEpâ¬DlrtloD' glv.! e
llddle gPâ¬Y (NDl .lo)
ExaEple 2: Ilsso I t! Daxl|uE !:od ( C9?59II9C?29!) -.
Ioago B 1r DAxlDu! SrtrD (CC25oY+CC25OC)
Itoublo lrpoEunc fEoD po!1t1vc. glva! yrllor - ( cCz2OIalID.,
Douulc cxiorurc froE ;sgatlvc! 81v.! blrcl ( CCIoY+ND2.20
Blp.ct' ritb ) rtop cxPoaure ooEpcDlatlon, 81v'r
' 
bipYll (cc9oY+[Dl .6 )
EaEDl. ,! IErBc ll 1E a flcBb ( CCroI+CC2o}{+CCl OC )
- 
tnesc B 18 rkt (0c6ox+cC6oc)
Doubl.r .rpolurâ¬ froE polltlvc! glYc! (CCr 2Y+ CCt6n+AC1?Cl
Doubl' crpo!ur' iiot iiiitrvtt Elv'3 ( ccr 8y+cc45x+cc58c )
nip.ct, titu I ctop cxPo rurs coDpaD6atloq 81va!
( cc5ox+cc60c )

Drg60Lv$t
EFFECTS DISSOLVES
l allalo]v! b.gln! Yltb oEa plctunr. tb.D a locoDd plcture
gFdurllt rppqsrr, rll orrr tb. tra[., sbert! tb. trrlc ,lth
tb. flrlt Dlcturr, aDd graduallt rcplaccE lt.
lb. tr.dltloDrl d1!!oly. 1s a llDultrnaou6 (doubla arporcd)
Iln.rr fadrout of tb! llrst lorgc sDd llDran tatlclD of tbr
!.ooad, lrda fros DorltlYa llagc!.
I s|Eults!â¬ous IoB fadrout aDd log--fadslD latrs qultc q lulpy
dlsrolv! (bccoElDB drrE !1drat' froo posltlvE 1Es8o6)'
R.gula!: dlloolyc! er. plaDDatl as 1l lon Yarlabk lhutt.rs. lt
â¬rcb frarc tba shutter aDglas for thc tYo â¬xposult! luat 6uD
to th. full sbuttcr en8la. ND rqulvslrntt caD ba tour:d lD
Chsrt C rld ND fllt.r! 
caq b. u6!d to Dalr tb! dl!8o1Y..
It 1! uot E.c.ErlrJr lor tbo tad6out 4Dd tbc tadclD to be thG
laEa oF cvâ¬D of tbc â¬aEe iypc. luy cbosr! tsdcout ha! .
coDplc[cntary fadalD ( lound by 6ubtrectloa6 trot lull sbuttrr
aDgla), rDd Ylcs Yar6B.
I dl6rolve tto[ Dc8.t1vq o!181ur1! 1! rad. bt prctradllg tbry
ara polltlvâ¬s aEd follorlD8 tho Dcthod for poEltl"rs. 
Uo
dl.colva Eaitc f.o! na8Atlva orlEllrl! l11l loot tb! raEa 4a
a dlBrolvc Eadc troE tb6 correEPoDdlDB po6ltlYâ¬ o.161D31!.
DlEsolvas a!\9 Eraat 6Eootbcrg, not oDly botYceD sccEâ¬s
but betxsoD "cffoctE".
For â¬taEplc' e dlseolva bet166D a plcturc 1lluE1Datcd
tbteu6h oD6 cofor llltâ¬r 
aDd tbe ssEe (EyDcbt'oDtzed)
plctura ll,LuElDst.d thtâ¬ugh alother color fllt.r 
DskcE
a slur of coloratloDs -- a Etralgbt llae eourEo tb!'ough
color apacr -- betycaD the tro.
A dlsrolve botYrâ¬D 4 plcturs pogltlvâ¬ aDd tb6 aaEo
(6JrDcht.o!lzrd) pleturc EGBatlYâ¬ lorEs a plctorlal
bridgr lroE polltlve to DcgatlYâ¬' Tbo brld8r 1r ot
strEBSâ¬ 8tutf. Thâ¬-a1l-Brey plqturâ¬ 18 Dot oD tbe ray.
The Eontloued straags Etuff 1a râ¬ElD1ec.nt ot Sabatt16r
6o1arl,zatloq a8a1!. fho doublc â¬tpoaurâ¬ of a plcturo
rltb 1i! neBstlvâ¬' prof.rably oDto coDtPsstt fllo'
glvâ¬8 a rovarElDB tonallty;- Dat'E tblnEE becoEâ¬ llBbtor
ahaa Elddla tonc thlngs, Yblch reoaln darkâ¬r then llBht
tbln88.
FADE8 FROI{ NEGAIIVE Il i dlslolvâ¬ la Ead. botrâ¬rn 8 Dâ¬Eatlve or181Da1
eld E cLrar (or orEngc) fr'lE tha Pc6u1t t'lBcEbleE
a fsdooui. For tho isd.out to Fs'EbIc a log f&d'out
a speclal dlseolvâ¬ 1s roqulrcd' Tbo clcsr fl1E 18
fad;d ln rDpnoxlE4talJr loBarltholcally' end th6
uoBatlvc 1E fadâ¬tt out coEploDâ¬nt4rlly'

2?
COLOR E(POBURE
TESTINO
lbo esrLlcr dlscu66r'oD6 of axpoâ¬utre 3pply-&s râ¬II to
lli"i 
"irntrns crcopt that Dov color and brlEhtncBr a !'e
iirulti.uf". 
iho adiu6tE.nts art oade prloertly rlth
cc l11ter! and ND fllt6r6'
r ccY-- fllter rorka FouEhly 11!e aE ND'-- flltcr 
on
juii-tl" 
bluâ¬ part of tba sPectruE, rbllc !ot. elfsctlDg
f,be reet ol th; spcctru.B. illEllsrly a cct't -tlltrr cutr
ii" "i."o .na s cbc tllter cut! the rsd' ND -l1l'tcr6-^
JiirE'ii-"ii"r"aiio ui cc llltâ¬r!' 
For cxalplc' ND''c
ii-i"iirt- iEioiicc roil* ccroc ' tbl! !l1ElDatlon 16
!i3ii'iii"ii6"i 
.nE jrrsuu'v lnrcrlor 8p'ctrallv'
color edlustoeDt! a!'e Dadc !rcoDdarlly rlth UV tlltcr!'
in-iiriii", 
ard baod rcJtctloD filt''r!'
ls rlltb B&H' cornscltoD ol ElEetpolcd orlglDal!-lhould
il ;;;; G -;.;ii.. -."tu.t tban latcr pr{ntlqs !t'ps'
FoF e Ee!â¬ral color .xPolura dctrrllnltloDt tbG tclt or161ua1-
""il"ia"i!-l-''.ii:lipiii!i - iii'-J i- lui rorc"int tlDd' pr'râ¬rabrt
iriu i""i. erege of'pcgr-oâ¬utral old-toaso'
lon. a loDE sqrlr6 of t96t
orint le aoEpat'od rlth thc
tli orr*luel i8 loss d'!1rablâ¬
ttlca oi tb. or181De1. Tbe
ot â¬a6y.
t bv val'ylag cC aud [D EoparatqlY'
veited.- A cC Yalur 16 llxod aDo
loDB tbe Dorc d l ttl cult '
of f-urlgutnce" Plctur'8 eD't
color P16turr r' lhlE lrsd!
oD.
add.d to tho CC gu'!!
Tbc l? CC Yarlstlona X tb. 9 llD YariattoDs = q ll' 
tt.aEc
toEt.
ooo
o to
020
oto
to o
lo lo
o
o
o
o
o

o ro 20
o ro ,o
0 200
o 20 lo
o20?o
o 20 
'o
o loo
o ,0 lo
oro20
o to ,o
to o o'
ro o 
10
r00?o
roorc
ro to o
ro 20 0
ro ,o o
2000
20 0 
lo
200 
&
2001o
20 to o
&200
20roo
,oo 
o
to o lo
lo0 
4
,oo 
,o
lo lo o
]o20o
,ofro

?1
+lf
t
,qH
. 
lor
2qr
lgY
2qx
r ol,t
lpc
' 
2Qc
+
+Y
I Jolnt colop eud brlEbtDâ¬ls trlt ls r Dct lprcad ovrr th.
Lo8lcst rogloa arouDd rtl lDltlal guc!!' to catcb th. rlgbt
tIPO lUFt.
Thr ,7 ltnG tclt lD tba .ra.apla ls a ratbar flnc lo-zo-fo Dlt
uasbLG ybr! tihar. l! felr cotrlldoDcr ln thc lnltlal 8uo!!.
Hh.! tb.rs 1! bcttcr coDfldcDc! lD thr guaE! tha tast could
bc abrldgrd to. t9 11n! 'lo-2o D.t (by oEtttlBg tb! llD.s rltb
Jo'r) eud tb. D va!:letlonr allo lraluoad.
Vr!.t flla
lDcroEcD tB
tro colo r
lD r.p ldly
r,ud CCO25
edJu!t!!Dt! to color oxpo!ur.' roqultlnE lart! Ylth
tlDar tbrD CCIO rDd ND.lor rrc oDlt JuEtlfl.d YhlD
cxporuFa! !u!t lrtct lD tro part! of oac frr!!, or
rucccadlDg frllas. 
l! rbsolut! rdJust'Eâ¬Dt!, coo5
ara too lllrlt 
to b. dlt..taal bt tbr Plocqlllng lib.
th.n th.r. 11 ltttl. 
.orfld.!c. 
1D tbo Sucs! th! l0-2o-)o D.t
couldl b. lodlft.d tr r ...r..r 
2o-ao-6o DOt (bt doublhg l'lt
y.lu.!, lDoludua tbr fD nrlrtlo!.). 
thl. 1! lttll r ,7 IlDc
t.st. 
.l I o-2o-t0-4o- 50-60 D.! r ulil Fcqul!'a r prlBtullt loDg
obart (251 llncal). 
I tlro aDd roD.y aDil tltr problaE arllc!:
riltbcr to do tba hu8c tolt |rril alata:'llDc tb! !18bt .xpoauF. Dor'
o!. to do a ooar.c taat and.hott dat.t:!l!r t'bc rl6bt .rDolura
.Dd D.rhrp. hrva to do a tlu.r !at.tt.
othar talt rlrla! can br daal6nad rlth lpaclflo 8orll. ,ll.o
tb. vrFlattoar caa ba lloor?ontaA lDto tba 8u.tl' lsthat
tbrn lddad oD, for llptoYad rccu!:3ot.

25
CC PACf, RIDUCTION
tlur ooLbllttlou ot CCI, CCM, CCC. rDd rl.o CCn- .cd
ccR cru b. rcducld !o . Drirly .qulvr,l.Dt "oiliaiii;r
ot Jult tro ol t.ba flrlt, 
tlDd. -rDal rono fO. -------
X.tbod: l. oheag. CCB to CCI{+CCC
cbsD8. CCC tp CC !+CCC
ch&gâ¬ CCR to CCY+CC}|
2. rdd to8eth.r rll 
CCY
rdd tog.thqr all CCX
r,dd tog.thrP rll 
CCC
,. rblchcvlr of thr tbrra t1Ed. hr. tbc orllr.t
totrl lD .t.p 2 lr allllDrtrd. 
.lD aqual
.,EouDt ol ID 1r fddcd. .aD .qual arouut lt
lubtractcd tr.oE tha rorlahg tro llnil! ln
!t.p 2.
4. couEt tbo DuEbâ¬r ot CC flItlr! 
1D tbo lDltlal
aDd fllal psck6. If tbr DuDbâ¬r ba8 lDcraalod
eubtract ND.04 tlDo6 th6 lBcfâ¬alc. If thr
DuEber has decrrascd add fD.O4 tlE.â¬ tho
d ocraa6e.
DaEplâ¬: Roducâ¬ tb6 pecE CCzOY+ CCI OC+ CCAOR
l. pack becoEâ¬8 CC2OY+ CCt OC+ CC4OY+ CC4O
2. pack becoEs! cc60Y+ccAot +ccloc
,. pack bocoBcs CC5OY+ CCrOl,l+ND. to
4. pack bâ¬qoErB CC50Y+ CCfoM+ND. I 4
HIOH CONTzuSI PRINTS the trchDlquog for prlDtlDg oDto h18b coDt,t'a.t
(EaEElDg) stockE aFâ¬ 11ttlr dltfâ¬relt troa tbocr
for prlDtlDE oDto 10r contrest (plctprial) ltock8.
fbc bl8b coDtrsâ¬t st,ock 1tsâ¬lt 1! th. toDc-d 1 tfa roD ca-
axaBgcFqtor.
On! BFy toD. lD tbc on181Ds:, Eat prlut uDcbaDgad
-lE-tbc blBh coDtra!i EaBrtlvc (b1ooD).
!oDr6 a ]lttlr 
darker thaE thlt oDc lD thr orl81D.1
brcoEo Euob llgbtar lD thr bleoD.
toDos Euch darker theE tbc oDe lD ibc grlglDal bccoDc
cfear lD thr hl co!.
toD.6 e llttla 
118htar tbaD thr oEâ¬ h tb6 orlglDel
bocoEc Eucb dartor lD tbc hlcoD.
toD68 Euch 116btcr tbaD thr oDo lD tbc orlSlDrl bacoEc
blacl lD tbc blcoD.

HICON E(IOSURE
CONTR.AST BUILDINC STES
HICOT SPECELE
26
r1!t lreE s contlDuoua toDâ¬
62 otock caD bc drveloped to
stop! axtre qrposurâ¬' rlEloD s
61y prlDtrd cleer onto ?f62
61on8 thlcb plrYldl BIY PrlDtâ¬d
dErk 8râ¬y oelo 7162 r.111 nor prllt bleck.
lll, but about a three stop ran69 of tgnes 1! thg gr18lE6l
Drlnt cl6Ar or black ta tie 7162 blcon. AdJu8tlng the
ixpoaure adJusts rhero tb18 bluDt "cut" occur8 1D thd
o11ElDal.
Erpoaure 18 soEerhat dâ¬pâ¬Ddsnt gn pt!coEs1D8-tlEe'
iiiperetur'c, and a8ltatio!. It 1e gtrcDBly d'poldent
oD uv lll tret lon.
ln .xpo6urc test lE Eede by pPlattng tbc or181ne1 ,oDto
the hicon 6tock at a lonE rcr168 ol c1o8â¬1y spaced-
eipo""ree. Thc orl81EAl and prlDt-Hcd8â¬ ar! l6pt tor
râ¬fe roD ce.
A hlcon DrlDt of a blcoD prlDt lE aD 6reggeFatlon
of an exi88eratlon ot toDe dltf6rencâ¬s. '
or blacE.
If thc flrst blcoD had gaEEE 4, tbe 8â¬coDd blcoD
bad â¬ffâ¬ctlve EaEDa 16, ths tblnd bad 6ltâ¬ct1ve
gaooa 64, and oo oD.
Att.r ,' 4, or 5 hlcon Eenâ¬ratlonE a hlgh coDtralt
uaii rg'a.i'r".a frcD th; qoDtlnuous toDe orlEl!41'
It 16, pFactlcaUy' all cl6ar and black'
No a!.ea ol Elddlâ¬ loDc aurvlYâ¬B 8!D6ratloD elter SgDeretloD
6i iiAz. ItE grBlllleao Eakee 1t not a 61Dg1e toEâ¬' so
i[r"-tooe patt6ro le Eade gtarkâ¬r and qoargâ¬r by â¬acb
"ooi"""i uurtalug 8tep, bocoEln8 a blAck and clâ¬aF spockl''
fo aygld sDecklc, 6xpoaurs Duet bâ¬ adJu6tâ¬d at aD ssrly
"i.o. uefoie tueic fi btack aDd eIâ¬er 1! tho pattâ¬lal' to
fori6 tlc Yholc ar6a to c168r or to b1acE'
Tg ptâ¬ogtâ¬ 6pccklg, stposuttg 1s adJuatâ¬d to bold tbe arâ¬a
lD the Brâ¬ys th t'ougb aovâ¬ral stop8.

27
TONE ISOLTTION
LOCIC OF I.LASK
2.
t.
COMBINAT ION
Th6 part8 ot Ln orlglnal vhlch share a 61nRlo toDâ¬ cBn
bâ¬ lsolatâ¬d by a hlcon Eaek dertyâ¬d froo tEe ort;ln;l
es follois (all prlntlng stâ¬pE betnt exect t:iji'----
t.
II{IOE SPREAD
AND BLOOX
Eake a Dâ¬gatlve hlcoE f!98 the orlglnEl tltb
9rpo6uF6 sgJu8ted to EAke tho choeA! toue Bo
1lgbt, lrh1le toD6s aoEoHbet llgbter tbBn 1I
8o dafk i
blpeck thâ¬ orlBlnel Hlth the ro6ult of I, prlDtlDe
onto hlcoD legatlvs;
Bddltlonal coEtraBt bulld1!B Et6pB aB nocessary.
Hlcon oEsks bâ¬1Dg a1l clear end black obâ¬y
s1Bpllf1ed !'u1o B of supâ¬rpo61tlon. Ulth
epproprlete â¬xposure, prlntlng onto blcon
nsgatlvâ¬, tbâ¬ rulea arâ¬ |
t. In doublg sxpogurâ¬, vbgrâ¬ the!.e 1s black
1D both or161Da,l8 becoEee cl,car. fh6 rest
becoEes bl. ack.
2. ID blpack, rhere tbâ¬râ¬ ,,8 cleer 1D both
orlglnals becoEeE b1acl. The reEt bgcoDe6
c1ear.
For Eask6, double expoeure and blpack are
lntlEately rel4ted by th6ee tro BooleaD RuLcs,
rhlch refe. to tbâ¬ xboLr of th6 Ea6k (a11 prlDtlut
etepE bâ¬1ng exa,ct t 3l ) !
l. Tbâ¬ le6atlve o! the nâ¬gatlvc of A 1s thâ¬
eaEâ¬ aa A.
2. The rEH (unprlnted) blpeqk ot the negatlvâ¬
ol A Hltb thâ¬ negatlee ot B lE thâ¬ 6a@6 a6
the Degatlve doubls expoeurâ¬ of A aud B.
Theee tyo rules en4blg blpacko tg be 911!1!atgd
for double expo6urâ¬â¬, aDd ylcg versa. Largâ¬
Eultlipecks, rhlch erg lEpractlcel, 4re
61lE1Dsted for ler6e Eultl-rxposurâ¬s, lrhlch
are prectlca,l.
Epotlng e hlcoE prlut lroE r! alraedy blcou
'rorlBlnal' scrE! DoD-crltloa1. Blacl bccoEa!
claar aDd claer bacoua3 bleck ovar lavcrel stops
ot arpolunt cbaugq. HoYcYcr, Eort ot thelc
rrpolurâ¬3 a!r! oYaFlrpoauF!3 xblcb arall erd lprr.d
tb. l'l:caa o! blacl LEaBc. Vlth thc fllrlt 2 or ,
stop! ot ovâ¬!:lxpoaura tbr !pr"4d la Elor.gscoplc.
8.yoDd tblg tha .dgc6 ol .noe. glyc out rDd
po!1t1valt blooq.
Bfoo! 1! pn.tty. It 1. tbc rcrutt ol botb l.D!
dlffr.ctloD rDd flID brlrtloD. It blDt! tbrt
IurtlDS uDdrr rvcrt that? arpo !ura' DrDt ttpp!
tlom, ir r rccoDal.it prtt.m of arpoluFc eproadlag
ov.l. tba rbola f n!a.

}{AsE .tND COUNTm}{IST
28
BlooE Eoko! lt llpo.alblc to !6psret6 dat*cr tonc!
o! B coutlDuous tono orl6lDal rltb a hlcoD pFlnt
bt brut6 fgrcG ol lxpoaurc ddJultEâ¬nt.
IE.gc Eprlad 1! thr rrsult ol 9d86 uDlbar?Dess
of both Iens sad lllE. 
It EakoE thc hlgh contFalt
pbotoBlBphy of tlny drtallB, 11kâ¬ llDâ¬ prlnt'
d l lfl cul t.
Rsy.F6el D!:oc!6sâ¬d blcoD cen .bor lEa8c 8bP1Ek
.! YetI 4; 1EaE6 spraad' aDd at â¬xactly the rlgbt
cxpo6uro, ne lthcr"
Usuelly gvgrâ¬xpoBlng tbg hlcoD 16 uDD.c.5!any.
Not ouite blact black! lDdlcetcE a !a!9 â¬tpolure'
aud ill 
tbat 1E D.â¬dcd It th.râ¬ 1111 bâ¬ e latâ¬r
hlcoD gaDcratlo n.
A hlRb coDtrslt Deaatlvâ¬ prlDt Dadc at â¬xsct l:l
iroo"a hleh coDtra;t Dask 1B lts 'couDtcnarkn'
E act l:l reproductlon (dlscus!.d rbovâ¬ ln AIXFRfUI)
ls tbâ¬ flPBt toqulP6DoDt for Sood fr.ttlu8 ot thc palr.
HsvlDB acbloYâ¬d cxd,ct l:t râ¬prioductloD, psrfoctloDl!t!
Ylll ;ot,1ce tbat lEs8e apFcsd cau.r! s !118ht Ellllt
ol Drsk sDd couEtelra6k, tbe blsci rc8loDr 611gbt1y
ovcrlapplDS. Tbn66 YatE srouDd tblB are:
i,'to-u"" tbâ¬ .harpast le!! rnd fltE (vl2. 7169)'
or bâ¬tler Jrot, to oontact prlDt rltb th16 fllEi
2, tg Eakr tba couDt6rE8sk rlth lprcad ta uau4l
rhllr s,lso reEEtlDB the Eask' bt DnlEtlDE lt
flr8t elth crccallte (doublo) !prâ¬6d aDd tbeD
prlDtllg that, tlth uEuel sProad;
l. io uge ;cverga] plgc6B6ad blcoD t! dlecurs.d
bq Io r.
ChenSla8 the EagDlflcatlo! calnot cort.oct sprcadlnS'
REVERS3L/NEITM FII1ING A bcautlful trtc! allors v.11-fltted Eask Pa1r8
Hlthout cxact l:l !â¬tup. lboy rrr Ea66 by
ctpo.lng tro lcDgths ot 1162 troE' the .8!a blcoD
oplelDel ullER thc ldoDtlcal (uDdllturbld) !atup.
o;c-lâ¬DBth ts-procr.!6d !e6atlYr aDtl t'hr otbsr 1!
orpccEaid reveiaal. Tbat arr th! Dq.k and
countcr.naek. Tbc orl8lnal Eay bo dlscardgd'
Fon pâ¬rfsctlon,
EI18bt aproadhg
1r equal to th.
r.vcr8al prftt.
crpoguto. err rdJultcd so tha
oi btack 1n thc ncgrt,l"r Prlnt
lllght .prâ¬adlDg of clcar 1! thc

29
FITTHE.ED X.t3T9
II'IIOE MARRIAGE
Thl! pr.obLoE atosr aboy! lq IINrRAHE, EtEDt"-
an optlcal prlntcr xltb uDEAtchcd caEâ¬ra, a;d-'
gitr ttglEtrstlon Each4trlsE6, bov.yar axogllaqt
they Eay bc, l! dooocd to rrBlatrstlon dctâ¬ctr
ln loâ¬t.ftâ¬ct8.
If Eesk aDd couDtatlrst tr! lott-catBed tnetcad ot hrttd-rdRcd
tbâ¬n they blcld llstesd of flt, 
aDd tbls t! blgh),y tolrrs;t
ot rtBlBtretlgn dotrcte aDd lDâ¬xsct l!l
l.faklDg a palr vlth Eulteblâ¬ sottnGs!GE 1o lgt qssJr, horâ¬var.
ODâ¬ caDDot be e hlcgn prlnt of tbg other. E9ED a gaEna I
Dsgatlve gf e Boft-â¬alged Eask r11l Dot bave bleDdeblâ¬ roftlese
A Eethod 1Dvol.v6a EellDg gaEEa 'l pgsltlvâ¬s froE e bad-â¬dggd
oaek I,B1r, prlnted out ot focu8, Il gaEEe I r.yers8l (?)51)
doee Dot havâ¬ .u!f1c1â¬Dt blecE, Degatlve-pos1tlvâ¬ (7214-7166)
doea.
IDetead of sctuElly EaklDg !oft-edgâ¬d DsEke, tbâ¬ hari-â¬d8ed
EaskE, detocuBed, caD tuDcilon a6 !oft-sdg6d. 8lnce ths
uEual use gt lask palrs 16 lD blpacko Hltb plctures (lfilcb
thouldDrt be d9locussd) tbls Ea,Dâ¬uvâ¬r requlree clther a
prlDtâ¬r ca,Dere lrblch takâ¬B a blpack or ED "aarlel lDagan
ttrpc Eultl-be4d optlcal prlDter, ID sacb ot tb6râ¬ tbo
Iblpecked'r tllEB e,rc sepBrated.
HlpeE, ln8â¬rtB, splltgcrreDâ¬, colorad t1tl.eB, ctc. arr all
exanples of thâ¬ EBDe techDlque. One plcture lE blpacled
cltb one Eask snd thls la â¬rposcd oDto a plctorlal prlut
f1lE. lnotbsr plctur. ls blpached Hlth tbg counter-oask aDd
thls ls cxposed onto tbe aaEe fratlcE ot pr'lDt tIlE. 
Tbâ¬
Ea.6k aDd couDtGl8s6k partltloD thc freEâ¬ lor the tro plcturcE.
There 16 !o black pâ¬Elon ead no rcgloD ot plctgrlel double
sxpoaurâ¬ 1! the prlDt.
lny pelr ot Eask and countâ¬rlaskr rhcre oDe procegdE
Bnadually troe ell clcar to atl bl4ck (the other troE al,l
bla,ck to all clesr) dellneE a ulpe. "Proceâ¬ds 8tâ¬duellyrl
1e BubJâ¬ct to lntst prâ¬tstlon.
Pl.etty learlt all
fall lDto th16e catgeo rlc 6 !
I. Oae râ¬EloD talcâ¬8 lts sbape ftoD tbe thlEEE plcturtd rlthl! lt.
II. ODc rrgloa trkc6 ltg EhBpr tloE tbo tb1n88 plctuFd arouDd lt
IIf. Olc rcglon takos 1t6 shspâ¬ ft'oE 6oEâ¬ uot-plctuttd tbln8.
IEEBe EArrlEEeâ¬
III

50
r.{-6r aLICENESS
HICOD PROCE!}6INC
For 6ucccsslul lEag6 EsrrlaEe tbe blsck ol th6 blcon Eaek
Bhould b6 about r 6tops darker tbaD tle black qf thâ¬ ptcturâ¬
ublcb r1lt flll the bleck ne61on.
HICONS FRou COLOR ORIOINAI,S 7162 ll].s lE 8eDB1t1ve to blue l1gbt oDl.y.
Fgr â¬xaoplc, 1t c4nDot I'sâ¬e. thâ¬ brlgbtD6sB
dlflâ¬reDcâ¬ bctvâ¬eu ebltc ald brlght blue, or
betvâ¬on yellot aDd red.
color fllterlDB aj.ltl 7162 bae elthâ¬r Do efleet,
or the cffect ol ND tlltratloD.
If a blco! Eask 16 raDtâ¬dr ba8ed on color
dlfterencâ¬8, o l ther
I. Flrat prlEt tbe orlSllsl oDto pancltt'oEEtlc
coDtlDuou6 tene tlIE (7276, 7215, .lc.)
yltb coLor tllters se Eeâ¬dâ¬d to eâ¬parato
the colors. TbeE prlnt ir.L. odto 7162.
or 1I. Pr1!t tbc or181!a1 onto paDchl9Detlc
blcon fll.E (7169) rltb color flltere a8
Dâ¬gdâ¬d to !â¬paratc tbo cglors.
If tro colorE erâ¬ dlffcreDt, tbâ¬rc 18 a fllter
rhlch 1111 EBk6 thoE râ¬cg r.'d dltt!t'â¬ntly op
papchtlEatlc llIE.
thls 16 slBpl,er rhg! the t'ro colore al.g on fllD
tba! rben thâ¬y er'â¬ lD thâ¬ Estur8.l Yorld, bâ¬cauae
l1lD col.oFa eFe spoctrally slEplsF. Io dâ¬clde
rhat tlltâ¬r best sqperates tro fllE color8
thlnt ol oach color aB oade of CCY, CCM, ald Ccc.
lfhâ¬tâ¬ycr the dlfferâ¬nc. bâ¬trâ¬6! the tvo color6
le Brâ¬atâ¬st (1n tbs Y' tbe ll, or tbe c) cbooâ¬6
tbâ¬-coBplâ¬Ee!t8!T lllter 
(B,O,R, râ¬epectlvolt)
1D a stFoDg (aon-CC) YerElon.
EraEple: Color I 1s e flesh ( CCroY+gg 26yagA l0C )
color 2 1B sky(ccoY+cc6ou+cc8oc )
Tbe gl.â¬atset dltlsr:â¬Dco 16 lD tb6 ctaD
(c), 8o a F9d tlltar 
sucb ao UratteD
#29 lE usod to acp4rate th16 llâ¬8b
and 8kt.
N.RetlYe
T--iiiEliop 6 Elluto3 1D D-ll O?oo rlth coDtlDuous agltatloD'
2. Rlnsc Jo sccoade la stopbetb or let.r.
,. Flr li ElDutes.
(ii--;i6s'o;i;. 
Rllse t ElEutr lD HJrpo qlcartne lg'Dt')
'ii' rlii'e-iii']t"a-in-r'nnaioe rater Iionger lor-Pr'alencr)'
t':"'

r
t1
OPTICAL PRINIE.D RELEASE PRINTS
RITUAL AND IRT
lD lodif16d D-lt (addtqS 2a 8od1uE
ltrlocJraDate pâ¬r llter) e?oo rtth
contlnuoua eE l tat 1oD.
Yater oDly.
R-9 or "f,odek Bl,eacb'r.
CB-l (Eolutlo! of 906 Eodlu! gulflte
Fâ¬r Ilter ot rstâ¬r).
5. RlDse 2 ElEuteE 1! rater.
DurlDg tbls tlEs flaeb to 118bt: l0 Bâ¬conds et l foot
fr.gE lo0 ratt lalp, or equlvrlcat crpoBuFo. lb1s lE
GrtrcEely appFgrlEetc. frâ¬ rooEll8bt DaJr bc lâ¬ft oD Dor
5. Devolop , DlDuts6 lD D-lt.
7. Rlnec ,0 eecoDde lD stopbath or Yatcr.
8. Flx tt E lDutes.
9. Hasb 2 ollutoB lD rulllDg ratâ¬r (1oD8â¬! tgr penereoce),
lO. Dry.
It reyâ¬ra8l rtsp 5 tbo f11! lools l,1ke carv.d lvory.
the xgrk of l1lE art El8ht not tolâ¬rato
tbe extra Benâ¬ra,tloE to e Daater su1tabl6
lor laborstory rel6aBe p11nt1n8. Or 1t
Elght râ¬qulre euch uDuaual relea6e prlnt
Eaterlal or treatdent ot the râ¬leare
prlnt Eaterlal thgt a laboratory uon't
touch tt. 
ttsn optlcal prlntâ¬d râ¬lee8e
prlnts erâ¬ reaaon4ble. Sound Esy bave
to be EBBEetlc, on 4 etrlpâ¬ app116d to tbc
flnlshed prlDt (pFetâ¬rably ln â¬dulsloD
po B1t ton IIIa).
Râ¬vgrBeL
T-T-e?61[op 6 E lDutâ¬ 6
2. RlnEe I Euute ln
,. Bl.ach I DlEute ln
4. Cl.ar I ElDute 1n
Tro EodluEs EAy allor prgductloD ol exactly the BBEâ¬
range ot obJectB, but by dlffsrent EeaDs. TbeD dlflâ¬t'â¬nt
obJacts 1111 1D tact be oadâ¬ ln thâ¬ tro EedluEs ald the
occeElona] ldcntical obJects 1111, h4eo dlftereDt EeanlDgs'
f,nor rhat Eâ¬d1uE you are l!l.

